Classical Conditioning
T/F To maximize initial learning, the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) should be presented on a continuous schedule
What is true?
Type of learning represented by teaching a dog to play dead by giving her treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior.
What is operant conditioning? (More specifically, it is an example of positive reinforcement)
Approach to studying learning that examines the thought processes underlying the acquisition of new behaviors
cognitive learning theory
psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience this
What is learning?
Worked with salivating dogs established principles for classical conditioning
Who was Ivan Pavlov?
In classical conditioning, this is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus.
What is an unconditioned response?
In operant conditioning, this describes a consequence intended to decrease the likelihood of the targeted behavior in the future.
What is punishment?
Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say
What is observational (or social) learning?
a process by which we learn to associate a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus and, consequently, to anticipate events
What is classical conditioning?
Work with Little Albert demonstrated that emotion can be a conditioned response
Who was John B. Watson?
Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling are examples of this.
What is the conditioned response?
This describes removing something to increase the likelihood of the targeted behavior in the future.
What is negative reinforcement?
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it
What is latent learning?
the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus
What is extinction?
Worked with rats to demonstrate latent learning, suggesting that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning
Who was Edward C. Tolman?
If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent this.
What is stimulus discrimination?
Rewarding successive approximation of a targeted behavior
What is shaping?
Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called this, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light
What is a cognitive map?
Reappearance of conditioned response after supposed extinction without additional training
What is spontaneous recovery?
Research suggested that learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say
Who was Albert Bandura?
Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of this principle.
What is stimulus generalization?
When an organism receives a reinforcer every time it displays a behavior, it is on this type of reinforcement schedule
What is continuous?
Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle’s father serves this role
What is a model?
Avoiding foods that one associates with nausea and vomiting
What is (learned) taste aversion?
Research on learned taste aversion undermined some of the basic assumptions underlying classical conditioning
Who was John Garcia?