Variables
How does an independent variable differ from a dependent variable?
IV - manipulated
DV - outcome
How is validity different from relibility?
Reliability = consistency in responses, Validity = are we measuring what we want to measure?
How does between-subjects design differ from within-subjects design?
between = different people
within = same people
Name three types of experimental manipulations.
Situational
Task
Instructional
What does "factor" stand for in the term "Single Factor- and Multi-Factor Design?"
Variable
or
IV
Name the four types of variable measurement
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Which types of validity are evaluated based on subjective assessment (vibes)?
Content Validity
Face Validity
In a study, participants slept different hours across three nights (3, 5, 7 hrs). Each morning after they woke up, they had to do five different academic tests in a row to assess cognitive performance.
What type of effect is this study prone to?
practice
or
order
Why can we determine causality from experiments, but not correlational studies?
Experiments control the environment for (ideally) all other variables to test the effect of just the desired manipulation. Correlation simply assesses how two variables are related at a point in time.
4
Name the three elements required when operationalizing a variable.
Description of the variable
Variable measurement
Units of Measurement
What is a confound?
Hidden or unmeasured variable that may explain a pattern of results
Name three techniques you could use to ensure groups of participants in a between-subjects design are as random/equal as possible?
Lottery
Coin Toss
Random number generator
What is the relationship between extraneous variables and confounds?
Extraneous variables become confounds once measured
What is the difference between a sample and a population?
population - people about which the study wants to draw conclusions
sample - subset of the population gathered for a study
Why is it so important for psychologists to operationalize the variables they study compared to other fields like biology or chemistry?
More nuance and complexity!
How does convergent validity differ from discriminant validity?
convergent = correlating with things it should correlate with, discrimination = not relating to things it should not relate with
When would it be unreasonable to do complete counterbalancing procedure in a within-subjects design?
when you have too many conditions
Name one way can experimenters can bias their studies.
Experimenter introduces bias based on their expectations for the study
What type of design is more vulnerable to attrition, and why?
within subjects
Name and define the three types of Reliability for measurement in psychology.
Internal Consistency - do items test the same concept?
Test-Re-Test - how consistent are results over time?
Inter-Rater - how consistently do different people rate the same items/repsonses?
Would you rather have high external validity or high internal validity when manipulating stress in an experiment?
internal - even if it is not generalizable you could induce stress to achieve desired manipulation
Name three things you can do to minimize attrition in between-subjects experiments.
Reduce length of study
Build in breaks
Fair compensation
Name two things researchers need to keep constant across experimental conditions when manipulating task instructions?
Length
or
Complexity
or
Emotionality
Do you think it is possible to have both a between- and within-subjects design? If so, how?
yes - assign B-S conditions and do repeated measures (multiple waves) with the same participants across time