Chapter 1
Changes that take place in children’s thinking and learning constitute this domain of child development.
What is cognitive development?
In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, this is the part of the personality that wants immediate gratification of all desires.
What is the Id?
The tendency to see and understand new information based on what you already expected to be true is known as this type of bias.
What is perceptual bias?
This type of gene, if inherited, is expressed in the phenotype regardless of the gene with which it is paired.
What is a dominant gene?
The inner cell mass differentiates into the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm during this prenatal stage.
What is the embryonic stage?
Thinking about abstract concepts like justice or fairness, compared to knowing concrete facts, is an example of this type of change.
What is qualitative change?
Freud's psychosexual stages has this many different stages.
What is five?
Researchers must select this from the population of interest so that they can accurately generalize their findings to the larger group.
What is a representative sample?
This behavioral genetics study technique determines the heritability of a trait by comparing the concordance rate between children and their biological parents versus their adoptive parents.
What are adoption studies?
This pattern of development describes how the growth and differentiation of the embryo and fetus proceeds beginning at the head region and moving down through the body.
What is cephalocaudal development?
This principle describes how different developmental pathways, such as exposure to abuse or genetic predisposition, can ultimately lead to the same outcome, like depression.
What is equifinality?
In Freud's psychosexual stages, this period is characterized by sexual energy going "underground" as children focus on learning and peers.
What is the latency stage?
What is a quasi experiment?
This is the approximate number of genes that the Human Genome Project found constitute the human genome.
What is 20,500?
This APGAR assessment component refers to the newborn’s reflexive response to a stimulus, such as a mild pinch.
What is Grimace?
This term reminds us that characteristics like gender, race, and socioeconomic status intersect with each other to create unique developmental trajectories.
What is intersectionality?
The concept of using guidance and support to help a child move toward a higher level of understanding within their zone of proximal development is called this.
What is scaffolding?
This design measures the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables, but cannot determine if one variable caused the other.
What is a correlational research design?
When many different genes interact to promote a particular trait or behavior, it is referred to by this term.
What is polygenic inheritance?
This type of teratogen is a group of chemicals, including pesticides, that disrupt the function of the hormonal system and have been associated with neurodevelopmental delays.
What are endocrine disruptors?
Middle childhood is defined as this age range?
What is 6-12?
In Bronfenbrenner's theory, the specific system composed of the values, beliefs, and ideologies of the larger culture is known by this name.
What is the macrosystem?
The fact that two groups of participants, such as 70-year-olds and 20-year-olds, differ in computer skills due to the year they were born, rather than age, is an example of this effect.
What is a cohort effect?
This describes when one gene influences a variety of different outcomes or effects, such as a single gene influencing both lung cancer and high blood pressure in certain populations.
What are pleiotropic effects?
These often transient feelings of sadness, anxiety, and restlessness are typically due to rapid hormonal changes following birth, and usually resolve without treatment within two weeks.
What are the baby blues?