PSY 241: Exam 2 Review

Action Potential

Synaptic Release

Neurotransmitters

Drugs

Movement

Which of the following is true about ion distribution when the neuron is at rest?

a) more Na+ and Cl- on the inside, more K+ and A on the outside

b) more K+ and Na+ on the inside, more Cl- on the outside

c) the membrane potential is positive

d) more Na+ and Cl- on the outside, more K+ on the inside

What process involves the packaging of neurotransmitters into synaptic vesicles?

a) exocytosis

b) action potential

c) endocytosis

d) diffusion

c) endocytosis

Which of the following show the correct steps of neurotransmitter release?

a) AP arrives at terminal--> exocytosis--> Na+ influx

b) Ca2+ influx --> exocytosis --> AP arrives at terminal

c) exocytosis --> Ca2+ influx --> AP arrives at dendrite

d) AP arrives at terminal --> Ca2+ influx --> exocytosis

Which of the following routes of drug administration would be the most efficient for injecting morphine?

a) intravenous

b) subcutaneous

c) intracerebral

d) intramuscular

a) intravenous

Which of the following is not true about smooth muscles?

a) multi-unit smooth muscles respond to neural stimulation

b) responsible for control of movement of the body in relation to the environment

c) single-unit smooth muscles respond to muscle fibers firing nearby

d) responsible for control of the digestive system and organs

b) responsible for control of movement of the body in relation to the environment

If K+ channels open, causing an efflux of K+, the membrane potential would begin to decrease and become super negative. Which of the following concepts best defines this scenario?

a) depolarization

b) rising phase

c) recovery phase

d) hyperpolarization

What is not true of ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?

a) both metabotropic and ionotropic act like ion channels

b) ionotropic receptors are faster-acting compared to metabotropic

c) metabotropic involve G-proteins while ionotropic involve 4-5 sub-units with a pore

d) ionotropic allow for direct passage of ions in and out of cells while metabotropic allow for generation of second messengers

a) both metabotropic and ionotropic act like ion channels

Which of the following neurotransmitters is not degraded by MAO?

a) serotonin

b) acetylcholine

c) dopamine

d) norepinephrine

b) acetylcholine

Dave has developed a tolerance for cocaine. Which of the following would provide evidence of this?

a) Dave can take a smaller dose and get the same drug effects

d) the dose-response curve for cocaine has shifted to the left

c) the dose-response curve for cocaine has shifted to the right

d) the half-life for cocaine has increased

c) the dose-response curve for cocaine has shifted to the right

Which of the following scenarios best represents the difference between an act and a movement?

a) movement= raising your hand, act= waving at someone

b) movement= running, act= moving leg upward

c) movement= blinking, act= eye blinks to puff of air

d) movement= playing piano, act= picking out a song

a) movement= raising your hand, act= waving at someone

Which forces causes Na+ to flow into the cell when sodium channels open?

a) diffusion and reuptake

b) diffusion and electrostatic forces

c) voltage and enzymatic degradation

d) sodium-potassium pump and refractory period

b) diffusion and electrostatic forces

Morphine is an endorphin receptor agonist, which of the following is true?

a) morphine binds and blocks the receptor

b) morphine decreases synthesis of endorphins

c) morphine increases deactivation of endorphins

d) morphine binds to the receptor and activates it

Which of the following correctly matches to neurotransmitter to its main function and brain area?

a) serotonin --> sleep, affect, eating located in the raphe nuclei

b) orexigenic neuropeptide --> anxiolytic and pain located in the periaqueductal gray

c) glutamate --> inhibits muscle contractions located in the hypothalamus

d) acetylcholine --> learning and memory located in the locus coeruleus

a) serotonin --> sleep, affect, eating located in the raphe nuclei

Adderall has a half-life of 9-14 hours while Prozac has a half-life of 4-6 days, which drug would have a longer effect on the body and why?

a) Adderall because it inhibits its own metabolism

b) Prozac because you must take a dose more often

c) Prozac because it takes longer to metabolize meaning there is a longer opportunity for more of the drug to bind to receptors

d) Adderall because it decreases appetite, leading to less food in the body to help with metabolism

c) Prozac because it takes longer to metabolize meaning there is a longer opportunity for more of the drug to bind to receptors

What does it mean if a body part has a larger representation in the primary motor cortex?

a) the body part has less sensitivity to somatosensory information

b) the body part has more automatic motor control compared to other body parts

c) the body part has less muscles dedicated to it

d) the body part has more fine motor control compared to other body parts

What does it mean that action potentials have an all-or-none-property?

a) the greater the EPSP, the stronger the AP
b) a stronger IPSP will lead to a smaller AP

c) the amplitude do the AP is dependent on the stimulus size

d) a strong EPSP does not change the amplitude of the AP

Which of the following is not true of temporal summation?

a) EPSPs arrive at the same synapse at different times

b) if the EPSPs arrive in quick succession, the postsynaptic cell may reach threshold

c) IPSPs arrive at the same time but at different synapses

d) One IPSP arrives at the synapse, then another IPSP arrives at the same synapse some time later

c) IPSPs arrive at the same time but at different synapses

Which of the following structures is dopamine not found in?

a) ventral tegemental area

b) locus coeruleus

c) substania nigra

d) basal ganglia

b) locus coeruleus

What does administration of norepinephrine-dopamine re-uptake inhibitors result in?

a) more NE and DA taken back into the presynaptic terminal

b) decreased production of synaptic vesicles

c) decreased upregulation of NE and DA receptors

d) more NE and DA left in the synaptic cleft

Which type of muscle would you expect to primarily find around organs, which allows for automatic movement of organs?

a) smooth muscle

b) cardiac muscle

c) intrafusal muscle

d) myofibrils muscle

a) smooth muscle

If the absolute refractory period is occurring, what does this mean in regards to action potential?

a) the neuron is very insensitive to further stimulation

b) it is a period in which IPSPs cancel each other out

c) it is possible to elicit an action potential if the stimulus is very large

d) an action potential can propagate backwards towards the soma

a) the neuron is very insensitive to further stimulation

Calcium channels open due to the arrival of an ______, causes a ____ of Ca2+ ions?

a) EPSP, efflux

b) action potential, efflux

c) IPSP, influx

d) action potential, influx

Which of the following is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter?

a) Acetylcholine

b) GABA

c) Anorectic Neuropeptides

d) Glutamate

b) GABA

Larry drinks a glass of whiskey every day when he wakes up. After continuing this pattern for three months, Larry recognizes that he gets tipsy after only having one glass when he used to have to drink three glasses to feel anything. Which of the following terms best represent this scenario?

a) drug effects

b) enzymatic degradation

c) sensitization

d) metabolic tolerance

c) sensitization

Which of the following is true of mirror neurons?

a) mirror neurons only fire when you are doing a specific movement

b) mirror neurons don't fire when you follow through with a motor plan

c) mirror neurons are only active when you see someone perform a specific movement

d) mirror neurons are active when you perform an action and when you see someone perform the same action