Hearing
If developed cauliflower ear (permanent damage to the pinna) from a lifetime of wrestling, which of the following auditory process would they have difficulty with?
a) sounds would not be amplifies
b) problems with transduction of sound waves into neural impulses
c) difficulty locating the direction and distance of sounds
d) difficulty hearing high frequency sounds
c) difficulty locating the direction and distance of sounds
Which of the following structures is not involved in transduction for the vestibular system?
a) hair cells
b) semicircular canals
c) vestibular sacs
d) cochlea
d) cochlea
Humans have only around 300 olfactory receptor types, why are we able to discriminate thousands of odorants?
a) olfactory neurons are constantly regenerating and create new receptor types
b) this is not true, each odorant only activates one receptor type
c) odorants are broken down and each broken down component activates a different receptor
d) each odorant activates a different combination of receptor types
d) each odorant activates a different combination of receptor types
How many taste receptors are clustered together in each taste bud?
a) 100-500
b) 1000-1500
c) 50-150
d) 5-15
c) 50-150
Where is umami taste sensed on the tongue?
a) only on the posterior portion of the tongue
b) the posterior and anterior portion of the tongue
c) anywhere on the tongue where there are T1r1 and T1r3 receptors
d) anywhere on the tongue where there are T2r receptors
c) anywhere on the tongue where there are T1r1 and T1r3 receptors
As we age, we tend to lose inner hair cells from exposure to loud noises. What type of deafness could result as damage to and loss of hair cells?
a) sensorineural deafness
b) conduction deafness
c) central deafness
d) congenital deafness
a) sensorineural deafness
Once vestibular information is transduced by the bending of hair cells in the semicircular canals and vestibular sacs, where does the vestibulocochlear nerve not send information to?
a) thalamacortical regions
b) prepyriform cortex
c) cerebellum
d) motor nuclei of eye muscles
b) prepyriform cortex
Central projections from the olfactory bulb do not go to what area of the brain?
a) hypothalamus
b) amygdala
c) prepyriform cortex
d) cerebellum
d) cerebellum
Which of the following is not a cause of taste disorders?
a) absence of primary neurons of olfactory bulb
b) infections of upper respiratory areas
c) surgeries in the head/neck area
d) poor oral hygiene
a) absence of primary neurons of olfactory bulb
a) T1r1 and T1r3 receptors
b) T2r receptors
c) hydrogen ions
d) sodium ions
d) sodium ions
What is the correct pathway of the PNS portion of the auditory system?
a) cochlea --> ear canal --> oval window
b) collection of sound waves --> primary auditory cortex --> tympanic membrane
c) ossicles --> transduction of sound waves --> secondary auditory cortex
d) pinna --> ossicles --> cochlea
d) pinna --> ossicles --> cochlea
Which of the following sensory systems does not work with the others to maintain balance?
a) olfactory system
b) somatosensory system
c) vestibular system
d) visual system
a) olfactory system
You can more easily detect garlic on your fries by the olfactory system than salt on your fries. Based on this information, which of the following statements can be made?
a) garlic fries are likely to be rated as more pleasant
b) salt fries are likely to be rated as more salty
c) garlic is more volatile than salt
d) salt is more volatile than garlic
c) garlic is more volatile than salt
If a person had damage to a T1r2 receptor, which of the following statements would be most accurate?
a) they have impaired sensitivity to acidic foods
b) they have impaired sensitivity to volatile odorants
c) they have impaired sensitivity to sweet foods
d) they have impaired sensitivity to low frequency sound waves
c) they have impaired sensitivity to sweet foods
Which of the following information is not sensed by the vestibular system?
a) position of head
b) movement of head
c) balance
d) position of your extremities in relation to space
d) position of your extremities in relation to space
After sound waves are amplified by the ossicles and travel to the cochlea, stereocillia deflect towards the tallest stereocilium. Which of the following is not a result of this?
a) influx of Ca2+ and K+ ions
b) increase firing rate of an AP
c) hyperpolarization
d) depolarization
c) hyperpolarization
Which structure of the vestibular system is correctly matched to its function?
a) utricle vestibular sac: responds to vertical movements
b) saccule vestibular sac: responds to angular acceleration on the z-axis
c) semicircular canal yaw: responds to angular acceleration on the y-axis
d) semicircular canal roll: responds to angular acceleration on the x-axis
c) semicircular canal yaw: responds to angular acceleration on the y-axis
If somebody has anosmia, the inability to smell, which of the following scenarios would be the most likely cause of it?
a) cribiform plate fracture
b) blunt force trauma to ear
c) poor oral hygiene
d) carpal tunnel in the wrist
a) cribiform plate damage
Which of the following cranial nerves is not involved in gustation?
a) cranial nerve VII
b) cranial nerve VIII
c) cranial nerve X
d) cranial nerve IX
b) cranial nerve VIII
Which of the following is true of cochlear implants?
a) cochlear implants send high frequency info to the electrode stimulating the apex
b) cochlear implants directly stimulate the primary auditory cortex
c) cochlear implants directly stimulate the auditory nerve
d) cochlear implants are recommended for people with conduction deafness
c) cochlear implants directly stimulate the auditory nerve