Intro to Validity
Determines whether results are generalizable
What is external validity?
When consistent results are achieved by measuring the same person at two different points in time
What is test-retest reliability?
Numbers and Statistics, larger samples, and conclusions from statistical analysis of data
What is quantitative research?
When the "cause" precedes the "effect" in time
What is temporal precedence?
This type of scale uses pictures and is popularly used with children due to ease of understanding
What is a non-verbal scale?
When a measure appears to accurately assess the intended variable
What is face validity?
A high level of agreement between multiple raters on a measure
What is interrater reliability?
Text/Behavior, Categories, Patterns, Smaller samples, In-depth information, and Interpretations drawn by the investigator
What is qualitative research?
When the "cause" and the "effect" tend to occur together
What is covariation?
This scale measures the meaning of concepts on a 5 or 7 point scale
What is a semantic differential scale?
The ability of a test or measurement to predict a future outcome
What is predictive validity?
The consistency or stability of a measure
What is reliability?
Conducting research in the field and making observations of individuals in their natural environment
What is naturalistic observation?
When no confounding or extraneous variable can explain the results of the study
What is elimination of alternative explanations?
This scale type may be characterized by markers over a millimeter scale that ranges
What is a graphic rating scale?
When the measure is not related to variables with which it should not be related
What is discriminant validity?
Temperature, SAT score, credit score, and pH are all measured with this scale.
What is interval?
the careful observation of one or more specific behaviors in a particular setting
What is systematic observation?
An unmeasured third variable that influences the relationship between an IV & DV
What is a confound?
With this type of sampling method, you take 'em where you find 'em
What is convenience/haphazard sampling?
When the operational definition reflects the true theoretical meaning of variable
What is construct validity?
There is a true zero for this scale.
What is ratio?
A detailed description of an individual (usually a person, though it could also include a workplace, society, or school)
What is a case study?
Any event that occurs between the first & second measurements but is not part of the manipulation
What is history?
The _____ the sample, the more generalizable it can be to the population you are studying
What is "larger?"
When we look at the relationship between the measure and a criterion behavior at the same time
The closer Pearson's r is to either of these numbers, the stronger the correlation
What is -1.00 and +1.00?
Uses previously recorded information to answer research questions
What is archival research?
When characteristics of the measuring instrument change over time
What is instrument decay?
Tendency to respond to all questions from a particular perspective rather than to provide answers that are directly related to the questions
What is a response set?
the degree to which two measures that theoretically should be related, are in fact related.
What is convergent validity?
When each item on a measure for the same variable yields similar or consistent results
What is internal consistency reliability?
The three types of archival research
What are statistical records, survey archives, and written and mass communication records?
When participants are selected because they scored extremely high or low on some variable. When tested again, their scores tend to change in the direction of the mean (high become lower; low become higher).
What is regression toward the mean?
This response set leads the person to answer in the most socially acceptable way, or the way that may reflect most favorably on the person
What is a social desirability response set?