Anatomy
4 lobes and their functions
Frontal - decision making, parietal - sensations, temporal - audition and memory, occipital - vision.
Sections of the brain
Forebrain, hindbrain, midbrain
5 glial cells, their functions, and morphology
Oligodendroglias - myelin in the central nervous system.
Schwann cells - myelin in the peripheral nervous system.
Astrocytes - repair and nutritional support of neurons, blood-brain barrier.
Microglial cells - immune, removal of dead cells.
Ependymal cells - secretes CSF.
Definition of behavior
“Behavior consists of patterns in time.”
Functions of basal ganglia (nuclei), thalamus, hippocampus, and hypothalamus
Motor control, sensory relay, memory, and homeostasis.
Planes of sections and neuroaxis
Coronal, sagittal, horizontal. Dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior.
Neuron internal and external structure & morphology
5 groups of drugs
Antianxiety, antipsychotic, antidepressants/mood stabilizers, opioids, psychotropics.
Meninges & ventricles
Meninges - dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater.
Ventricles - lateral (1st & 2nd), 3rd, cerebral aqueduct, 4th.
Divisions of the nervous system
CNS - brain & spinal cord. PNS - nerves & ganglia.
PNS - autonomic, enteric, somatic. Autonomic - sympathetic & parasympathetic. Somatic - cranial and spinal nerves.
Measuring methods
Structural - MRI, CT, DTI.
Functional - fMRI, fNIRS, PET, MRS.
Cellular - histology.
Electrical - EEG, ERP, MEG, single-cell.
Chemical - microdialysis.
Steps of neurotransmission
1. S&S
2. Release
3. Action
4. Inactivation
Activation systems
Cholinergic - midbrain nuclei (this is an easy one) and basal forebrain nuclei.
Dopaminergic - substantia nigra (nigrostriatal pathway) and ventral tegmentum (mesolimbic pathway).
Noradrenergic - locus coeruleus.
Serotonergic - raphe nuclei.
Types of synapses
Dendrodendritic, axodendritic, axoextracellular, axosomatic, axosynaptic, axoaxonic, axosecretory.
Manipulation methods
Lesions - mechanical, electrical, chemical.
Electrical - DBS, TMS.
Pharmacological - drugs.
Other - optogenetics, cooling, temporary inactivation, behavioral.