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Designs
Validity
Complex Designs
Data Analysis
Miscellaneous
100
Two types of manipulation of an IV in an experimental design.
What is straightforward & staged.
100
Which design typically has the highest internal validity?
What is experimental.
100
What are two ways that a researcher can make a simple experiment (1 IV with 2 levels and one DV) more complex?
What is: (1) increase the number of levels of the IV & (2) increase the number of IVs.
100
What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?
What is: descriptive describes the sample; inferential makes estimates about the population based on sample statistics
100
Researchers refer to designs where participants receive both control and experimental treatments as...
What is repeated measures or dependent groups.
200
Assignment to groups in non-equivalent control group designs is often based on what? What's the problem with this?
What is convenience; selection differences/selection bias
200
Selection bias impacts what kind of validity?
What is internal.
200
This is an attempt to directly measure whether the IV manipulation has the intended effect on the participants.
What is manipulation check.
200
The strength of an association between variables is known as what?
What is effect size.
200
What is counterbalancing?
What is when researchers attempt to balance the presentation order of conditions (e.g., control->experimental to group 1; experimental->control to group 2) - NOTE: counterbalancing can be complete OR you can use Latin squares to determine alternative patterns (for more than 2 conditions)
300
A measure of the DV that is not sensitive enough will cause what? EX: DV to measure language development in an 8th grader = Number of basic words learned (e.g., happy, sad, mad, angry, contented, delighted)
A ceiling effect
300
Internal validity can be threatened within experimental designs. (True or False)
What is TRUE!
300
What is the easy way of calculating the number conditions within a complex design?
What is multiply the numbers in the factorial notation (e.g., 2X2 factorial design has 4 conditions).
300
What's the difference between correlation and regression?
What is: Correlation examines the strength and direction of the relationship between 2 variables. Regression predicts the score on the DV based on information about 1 or more IVs.
300
Why does the sensitivity of a measure matter?
What is because you want to be able to pick up on differences in responses from participants - if all participants answer in the same way, you're not going to find any effects of the IV.
400
What distinguishes experimental and quasi-experimental designs?
What is random assignment to groups.
400
What is one design researchers can use to help verify if pre-testing effects are present.
What is Solomon-four group design.
400
What kind of design is the only one that allows researchers to explore interactions?
What is factorial (i.e., 2+ IVs).
400
Which analysis would you conduct if you wanted to compare scores of extraversion based on hair color (blonde, brunette, red) and age (0-10, 11-20, 20+).
What is F-test - or 3x3 factorial ANOVA.
400
State what Type I and Type II errors are as well as power.
What is: Type I = falsely reject the H0; Type II = fail to reject a false H0; correctly reject a false H0.
500
Name 7 different designs we've discussed.
What is experimental, quasi-experimental, non-experimental, post-only, pre-test - post-test, one-group only, matched pairs, non-equivalent control group, interrupted time series, propensity scores, observation, systematic observation...AND MORE!
500
Which threat to internal validity is described below? Clinical psychologists may wrongfully take credit for the improvement of their clients. When clients enter therapy, they have typically hit "rock bottom." They are bound to improve, regardless of therapy.
What is regression toward the mean.
500
Tell me how many main effects and interactions are present and interpret the results of the graph drawn on the board.
What is: The relationship between the # of years of practice and the # of world records broken this year depends on the # of resources devoted to T&F. For high and moderate # of resources, there is a positive relationship between # of years and # W.R. broken, but for low resources, there is a negative relationship.
500
What is the basic formula of an F-test? What information is in the numerator, and what information is in the denominator? (You don't need to provide the mathematical formula.)
What is variability between groups over variability within groups.
500
What are degrees of freedom?
What is: the number of values in the calculation that are free to vary.