Ch. 9 Problem Solving
26. An impediment to problem solving; refers to the tendency to see objects as having only a single typical use
Functional Fixedness
31. Refers to an ability to solve novel problems as a kind of intelligence
vs.
Refers to the breadth and depth of a person's knowledge as a kind of intelligence
Fluid Intelligence
vs.
Crystallized Intelligence
36. If the premises are true, then the conclusion must also be true
Ex. If all dolphins are mammals (major), and all mammals have mouths (minor), then all dolphins must have mouths (conclusion is valid)
Syllogism
41. People make decisions by selecting outcome that yields the greatest benefit
Expected Utility Theory
27. Result of the nine-dot problem when participants were given no hints
High Failure Rate
32. The type of chaining that experts use compared to novices?
Forward Chaining
37. Two forms of invalid conditional reasoning
Affirming the Antecedent (PWN)
Denying the Consequent (TOL)
42. Emerging field that recognizes that human decisions is a function of (1) deliberative thought processes and (2) affective processes (emotions)
Neuroeconomics
28. What are the disadvantages of using heuristics?
Heuristics might fail
33. What is similar in isomorphic problems?
Problem representation
38. Refers to the fact that people confidently judge that they knew an even would happen after it has occurred
Refers to the mistaken belief that future tosses of a coin, drop of a ball in roulette, or rolls of the dice in craps are not independent of past events
Refers to people accepting any and all conclusions that happen to fit with their system of beliefs
Hindsight Bias
vs.
Gambler's Fallacy
vs.
Belief Bias
29. What process of problem solving did AI systems use?
GPS (General Problem Solver)
34. Decision heuristics suggesting that if relevant examples can readily be retrieved from memory, then the class of events must occur with a high probability
vs.
Decision heuristics suggesting that if examples are typical of a class, then they occur with a high probability
Availability Heuristics
vs.
Representative Heuristics
39. Research conducted in Central Asia showed that people in some cultures base their response to reasoning tasks on "blank" experience
Personal Experience
(Belief Bias)
30. Looks for similarities between current problem and one solved in the past
vs.
Comparing one's current state to the goal state and then finding a means or an operator to reduce the difference
Analogies
vs.
Means-End Analysis
35. Strong tendency for people to seek evidence that upholds their beliefs
Belief Bias
40. This bias evaluates evidence in a biased manner to confirm political beliefs
Intelligence doesn't protect against myside bias
Difficult to think of arguments in a dispassionate, wholly rational manner