Probability Sampling
To acquire a ____ sample, researchers will first assign a number to each member of the population of interest. Researchers will then select a desired sample size. Finally, researchers will randomly select numbers from the list of numbers assigned to members of the population until they have reached their desired sample size
simple random
In _____ sampling, researchers select members of the population who are readily available and easily accessible for inclusion in the research sample, rather than taking the time necessary to randomly select mem- bers of the population of interest
convenience
____ is the first step to preparing to conducting an experiment
come up with an idea
An independent variable must have a minimum of ___ values (i.e. “levels”)
two
In this group of sampling techniques, the researcher cannot accurately determine the probability of an individual member of the population being selected for inclusion in the research sample.
In _____ sampling, researchers employ a combination of sampling methods to acquire a research sam- ple.1
multi-stage
In ____ (or typical case) sampling, researchers will select those members of the population who best represent a typical, average, or normal member of the population of interest. Researchers may define “typical, normal, or average” on the basis of existing population statistics and/or on the basis of their personal judgments about the population of interest.
modal instance
The ____ variable is manipulated by researchers to determine if it has a causal relationship with the ___ variable(s)
independent
dependent
In Step 4 of the hypothesis testing process, psychologists will compare the _____ computed in Step 3 with the _____ established in Step 2 of the hypothesis test to draw their conclusion about the results of the experiment.
“calculated value”
test criteria (or “critical value”)
the ____ hypothesis serves as the focus of the hypothesis testing process.
null
In a _____ sample, researchers select every “kth” member of a population of interest.
systematic random
In _____ (or maximum variation) sampling, researchers select members of the population for inclu- sion in the research sample with the intent of acquiring a research sample containing as much diversity as possible.
heterogeneity
The ___ hypothesis is a statement predicting no causal relationship between research variables
null
True or False
When conducting an experiment, psychologists are limited to assessing one dependent variable.
false
In this group of sampling techniques, the sampling techniques increase the likelihood the research sample will be representative of the population of interest
Probability
To acquire a “_____ sample,” researchers first decide how they will divide a population of interest into meaningful subgroups. Subgroups must be mutually exclusive and include all population members. Researchers will then use simple random sampling to acquire a sample from each of these subgroups.
stratified random
In _____ sampling, researchers select members of a population who have had a specific experience for inclusion in the research sample. The researchers then measure the members of the research sample on the variables of interest on several occasions to assess the impact of the experience with the passage of time.
cohort
What are the steps a researcher must complete before starting an experiment
(a) identify the variables of interest
(b) define precisely how each variable of interest will be measured in the experiment
(c) develop a research hypothesis that clearly states the predicted outcome of the experiment
(d) establish criteria that will be used to determine whether the results of the experiment support (or fail to support) the research hypothesis
(e) select a desired sample size
(f) select a method of sampling to acquire research sample
A _____ variable is a factor that has the potential to influence the outcome of an experiment that systematically varies across groups at the same time as the independent variable.
confounding
A “___” sample is one in which the proportion of sample members from each subgroup match those found in the population
proportionate
To acquire a cluster sample, researchers will first decide how they will divide a population of interest into meaningful groups. Researchers will then select the desired number of groups they would like to sample (and have the resources to adequately sample). Researchers will then randomly select this number of groups from the population of interest
cluster
In _____ sampling, researchers select members of a population of interest for inclusion in the research sample. Researchers then assess members of the research sample on the variables of interest. At a later point in time, researchers collect a second sample from the same population and assess members of this sample on the same variables of interest. The researchers continue this process until they have acquired multiple samples from a population
Trend
After selecting the statistical analysis they will use to analyze their experimental data, a level of confi- dence, and a sample size, psychologists can then_____
consult statistical tables created by statisticians to determine the exact value of the test criteria (i.e. the “critical value”)
if the “calculated value” is significantly different than the “critical value,” the psychologists will make a decision to ____
Reject the Null Hypothesis and will conclude that there is a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables
True or False
A “proportionate” sample will be more “representative” of the population of interest in comparison to a “disproportionate” sample.
true