Perceiving Is Believing
Newton's work with this type of light helped establish the visual color spectrum.
What is white light?
This German scientist, noted for his work on apperception, is often termed "the founder of psychology."
Who is Wilhelm Wundt?
This theory, based on genetic variation tested against the environment, was controversial when first introduced in 1859.
What is natural selection?
This theory groups signs into icons, indices, and symbols.
What is semiotics?
In contrast to classical conditioning, this behavioral paradigm uses rewards and punishments to change behavior.
What is operant conditioning?
Békésy's rubber model of this structure helped our understanding of sound perception.
What is the basilar membrane?
This psychologist used himself as subject in determining his famed "forgetting" curve.
Who is Hermann Ebbinghaus?
This discredited theory held that current economic and political systems must be more efficient and useful than ones in the past as a testament to "survival of the fittest."
What is social Darwinism?
Schachter and Singer later clarified this theory, which posits that our emotions are a cognitive appraisal of physiological reactions.
What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?
Drive, habit strength, and valence are all examples of this cognitive consideration in Hull and Spence's studies.
What is an intervening variable?
Helmholtz's findings on fundamental frequencies and harmonics (integer multiples of the fundamental frequencies) didn’t quite give the full picture on pitch perception, but they did lead to our understanding of these phonemic units.
What are vowels/vowel timbre?
This student of Peirce and Helmholtz joined the American Psychological Association in 1893 but was repeatedly rejected membership to the Society of Experimental Psychologists.
Who is Christine Ladd-Franklin?
This aspect of Darwin's evolutionary theory suggested that genetic variation is something like an natural experiment: that is, the genes don't "know" which ones will be most successful in the real world.
What is blind variation?
This concept was at one time the key difference between pragmatism and pragmaticism.
What is the pragmatic criterion of truth?
This scientist demonstrated the timing of conditioned responses and found that classical conditioning requires nearly 100 trials to become ingrained.
Who is Ernest R. Hilgard?
Under the trichromatic theory of visual perception, this phenomenon occurs when combined sources of light with different wavelengths have the same perceived color and stimulate the same rods on the retina as a monochromatic light source.
What is a metameric match?
This physiologist developed a chronometric subtractive method to measure differences between tasks.
Who is F. C. Donders?
In contrast to Darwin, this since-discredited zoologist theorized that species develop genetic changes through their own behavior.
Who is Jean-Baptistse Lamarck?
This level of Peirce's categories could be compared to Kant's noumena.
What is firstness?
Tolman's findings on exploration without reward provided evidence for this concept, which refutes some beliefs in radical behaviorism.
What is latent learning?
Fechner's research in discrimination found an exponential relationship between physical intensity and this subjective unit of perception, displayed on the chromaticity diagram.
What is a just-noticeable difference?
This psychologist was the first woman to receive a PhD in psychology, though not the first to complete the necessary coursework.
Who is Margaret Floy Washburn?
A precursor to Darwin's theory of evolution suggested that geological changes resulted from constant, gradual progress rather than rare, distinct catastrophes.
What is uniformitarianism?
This philosopher inspired James to write, "My first act of free will shall be to believe in free will."
Who is Charles Renouvier?
Skinner explained language learning through this probabilistic model, which was later countered by research by Chomsky and Miller.
What is a Markov process?