Foundations & Models
Frequency, Function, Feeling Pain, and Fatal are collectively known as these.
What are the Four Fs?
Consistency of a measure across time, items, or raters refers to this psychometric property.
What is reliability?
ADHD symptoms must occur in more than one of these for diagnosis.
What are settings?
Hearing a voice when nobody is speaking is an example of this symptom.
What is a hallucination?
Loss of interest or pleasure in activities is called this.
What is anhedonia?
This model proposes that a vulnerability may lead to psychopathology when combined with sufficient stress.
What is the diathesis-stress model?
The degree to which a measure actually assesses what it claims to assess is this.
What is validity?
This neurodevelopmental disorder requires deficits in social communication and interaction plus restricted or repetitive patterns of behavior or interests.
What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?
A fixed false belief despite contradictory evidence is this.
What is a delusion?
At least one episode of this is sufficient for a Bipolar I diagnosis, even without a major depressive episode.
What is mania?
Unlike a simple vulnerability model, this theory proposes that some people may do especially poorly in adverse environments and especially well in supportive ones.
What is differential susceptibility?
This process helps ensure that an assessment is administered and scored consistently across people.
What is standardization?
Planning, inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility are examples of these higher-order abilities.
What are executive functions?
Flat affect, avolition, and alogia belong to this broad symptom category.
What are negative symptoms?
This disorder involves chronic fluctuating hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not meet full episode criteria.
What is cyclothymic disorder?
In DBT’s biosocial model, emotion dysregulation develops through transactions between biological emotional vulnerability and this kind of environment.
What is an invalidating environment?
Researchers use this procedure to place participants into treatment conditions by chance.
What is random assignment?
For people age 17 and older, the ADHD symptom-count threshold is this many symptoms within a symptom domain rather than six.
What is 5?
The total continuous disturbance required for schizophrenia lasts at least this long.
What is six months?
In Joiner’s theory, feeling like “people would be better off without me” reflects this component.
What is perceived burdensomeness?
This developmental perspective assumes that understanding normal and abnormal development can inform one another across time and context.
What is developmental psychopathology?
A researcher begins with an existing theory, derives a prediction from it, and tests that prediction. This is this type of reasoning.
What is deductive reasoning?
In intellectual disability, this is more clinically important than IQ score alone and refers to how a person manages conceptual, social, and practical demands in everyday life.
What is adaptive functioning?
This historical distinction separated dementia praecox/schizophrenia from manic-depressive illness.
What is the Kraepelinian dichotomy?
In Joiner’s interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide, this component refers to a reduced fear of death and increased tolerance for pain, often thought to develop through repeated exposure to painful or provocative experiences.
What is acquired capability?