Study of the Person
Which of the following is NOT part of the psychological triad?
A. behavior
B. thoughts
C. psychological health
D. feelings
C. psychological health
When gathering data or clues about personality, the best policy is to
A. gather only a very small number of clues and focus on the important ones.
B. gather only clues that are certain not to be misleading.
C. rely solely on self-report data.
D. collect as many clues as possible.
D. collect as many clues as possible.
The basis of the _______________ method of test construction is to come up with items that seem directly, obviously, and logically related to what it is you wish to measure.
A. rational
B. empirical
C. philosophical
D. factor analytic
A. rational
The trait approach focuses exclusively on
A. the measurement of absolute levels of traits.
B. aspects of personality that are the same in all people.
C. physical dimensions.
D. individual differences.
D. individual differences.
A researcher interested in identifying common patterns of traits that characterize whole persons will likely use a _______________ approach.
A. single-trait
B. typological
C. configural
D. many-trait
B. typological
The unique mandate of personality psychologists is to attempt to
A. identify and measure individual differences in ability and behavior.
B. determine the effect of the social environment on behavior.
C. explain whole, functioning persons and real-life concerns.
D. prevent or treat psychological personality disorders.
C. explain whole, functioning persons and real-life concerns.
To obtain S data, a psychologist can
A. develop a questionnaire.
B. recruit informants.
C. observe the subject directly.
D. look up information in public records.
A. develop a questionnaire.
Your responses to the personality test item “I am an intelligent person” would be _______________ data, whereas your score on an intelligence test that reflects the number of problems you got right would be _______________ data.
A. B; L
B. S; L
C. I; B
D. S; B
D. S; B
According to Kluckhohn and Murray, “Every man is in certain respects (a) like all other men, (b) like some other men, (c) like no other man.” Which section of this quote MOST closely reflects what trait psychologists study?
A. “like all other men”
B. “like some other men”
C. “like no other man”
D. All of the answer options are correct.
B. “like some other men”
A researcher who tries to discover the most important or basic personality traits that exist is taking a(n) _______________ approach.
A. single-trait
B. many-trait
C. essential-trait
D. typological
C. essential-trait
The purpose of a basic approach (or paradigm) is to
A. expand the range of data you consider.
B. integrate diverse perspectives.
C. limit inquiry to certain kinds of observations and patterns.
D. resolve contradictions in data.
C. limit inquiry to certain kinds of observations and patterns.
In a priming study, participants solved puzzles that included words such as gray, wise, retired, and Florida. After solving these puzzles, participants were observed as they walked down a hallway. The observation of participants’ speed of walking would be considered _______________ data.
A. experience sampling
B. laboratory B
C. L
D. projective
B. laboratory B
Which of the following is a limitation of projective tests?
A. Clinicians tend to find them relatively unhelpful despite their considerable validity.
B. Projective tests are relatively inefficient, lacking in validity, and expensive to administer.
C. Although projective tests discriminate between known groups, the content of the items may seem absurd to test takers.
D. Respondents uniformly hate taking projective tests because of their length.
B. Projective tests are relatively inefficient, lacking in validity, and expensive to administer.
The observation "If it looks like a duck, walks like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it probably is a duck" illustrates the method of
A. moderator variables
B. constructivist accuracy
C. procedural judgment
D. convergent validation
D. convergent validation
Julie is a serious and conscientious employee; however, with her friends at happy hour on Friday afternoon she is the life of the party. According to Snyder’s theory, Julie would MOST likely be
A. a high self-monitor.
B. a low self-monitor.
C. high in private self-consciousness.
D. low in public self-consciousness.
A. a high self-monitor.
What is a major advantage of using a basic approach to study personality psychology?
A. It is the only approach that uses the scientific method.
B. It focuses on the unconscious mind.
C. It uses One Big Theory.
D. It is a systematic way to study specific patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
D. It is a systematic way to study specific patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
What kinds of behaviors by an acquaintance would MOST likely be remembered?
A. an atypical behavior that was emotionally evocative
B. only behaviors consistent with the acquaintance’s personality
C. the most recently observed typical behavior
D. behaviors that are observed every day
A. an atypical behavior that was emotionally evocative
The Woodworth Personality Data Sheet was designed to measure psychiatric problems in what group?
A. college students
B. U.S. Army recruits
C. potential employees of Target stores
D. high school students
B. U.S. Army recruits
Which of the following is true about predicting future behaviors?
A. Specific behaviors are generally pretty easy to predict.
B. Specific behaviors are better predicted than aggregated behaviors.
C. Aggregated behaviors are better predicted than specific behaviors.
D. Aggregated behaviors aren’t usually very accurate when predicting future behaviors.
C. Aggregated behaviors are better predicted than specific behaviors.
Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with conscientiousness?
A. high IQ
B. avoidance of risks
C. educational level
D. longevity
A. high IQ
Which of the following is an expression of Funder’s First Law?
A. People vary in terms of their trait levels.
B. There are no perfect indicators of personality.
C. Characteristics that are strengths in one sense are weaknesses in other ways.
D. Individual differences should not be put into the “error” term in statistical analysis.
C. Characteristics that are strengths in one sense are weaknesses in other ways.
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered B data?
A. measures of heart rate and other physiological measurements
B. observation of how many times a participant spoke during a five-minute conversation
C. a psychologist’s interpretation of a participant’s responses to an unstructured clinical interview
D. a participant’s records of his daily activities in a daily research “diary”
C. a psychologist’s interpretation of a participant’s responses to an unstructured clinical interview
Which of the following is NOT one of the concerns associated with the practice of null-hypothesis significance testing?
A. A statistically significant result is not necessarily important or meaningful.
B. The smaller the sample size, the easier it is to find a significant effect.
C. The criterion for a significant result (p < .05) is arbitrary.
D. The p-value is sometimes misinterpreted and its logic difficult to describe.
B. The smaller the sample size, the easier it is to find a significant effect.
Which of the following is an example of predictive validity in the context of accuracy judgments?
A. Your own ratings of your neuroticism correlate with your parents' ratings.
B. Your friends' ratings of your openness to not predict your timeliness.
C. Your own ratings of your agreeableness correlate with a clinician's ratings.
D. Your parents' ratings of your conscientiousness correlate with the messiness of your room.
D. Your parents' ratings of your conscientiousness correlate with the messiness of your room.
Which of the Big Five traits appears to be the most complex and “difficult to grasp”?
A. neuroticism
B. extraversion
C. psychoticism
D. openness
D. openness