Research
What is one major issue when using surveys in research?
Self report!
Sometimes people lie on surveys to make themselves seem "better" or to make themselves fit societal norms even when thats isn't the case.
Describe the 2 types of amnesia.
retrograde: Individual cannot remember anything leading up to the amnesia
anterograde: individual cannot make new memories after the amnesia
What is accommodation?
Revising one's current understanding to incorporate new information.
What is the main advantage of Erikson's theory?
It spans from birth to death.
What is acquisition?
often, it is difficult to pinpoint the exact time of acquisition
How can a researcher determine cause?
By conducting a "true" experiment
What is the Serial Position Effect?
Made up of the Primacy Effect and the Recency Effect, the SPE describes how we remember words or numbers in a series.
Give an example of inductive logic.
"My cat makes me sneeze, I bet I am allergic to all cats."
What are the four revolutions that have taken place in order for the "new stage" of emerging adulthood to come about?
Technology revolution
Sexual revolution
Women's movement
Youth revolution
Explain Pavlov's dog experiment
:)
What is the third variable problem?
It is possible that a third variable (C) can influence both variables (A and B) in an observational study.
correlation does not equal causation!!
What is George Miller's finding regarding short term memory?
Magic number 7 plus or minus 2
During which stage of development does Theory of Mind develop?
Preoperational Stage
During which stage is play used to develop interpersonal skills?
Initiative v. Guilt
Name and give an example of the two types of punishment.
positive punishment: getting spanked
negative punishment: getting your favorite toy taken away
Describe the directionality issue.
If a true experiment is not used, there is no way to determine causality.
A could cause B
B could cause A
C could cause both A and B
What did we learn from the scuba study?
coding specificity specifically context-dependent memory
the diver that studied on land, performed better on land
the diver that studied in the water performed better in the water
What are 2 challenges for children when it comes to conservation tasks?
Centration
Reversibility
During this stage if an individual cannot make connections (platonic and/or romantic) they will not develop successful relationship skills moving forward.
Intimacy v. Isolation
What is flooding?
Another name for exposure therapy.
Exposing people to the feared object until they no longer respond (extinction)
Typically deals in irrational fears that are disproportionate to the actual danger
Can be very traumatic
Tows the ethical line
Dr. Sperry has decided to conduct research on math anxiety. She gathers a group of students from USU to participate. The participants are randomly assigned to either the control group or experimental group. The control group will take a math exam under standard testing conditions and the experimental group will meditate before the exam. After the tests are over she will compile her data and determine if meditation can soothe math anxiety.
What is the independent variable? Dependent variable? Could there be any confounding variables?
IV: meditation
DV: math anxiety
CV: all the students are from USU which means they could be similar enough to reduce external validity
What are the three types of declarative memory? give an example of each.
Semantic- the sky is blue
episodic- remembering the time my sister and I went to New York
autobiographical- recalling how I learned to drive a car
name all of Piaget's stages in order.
preoperational
concrete observational
formal operational
trust v. mistrust
autonomy v. shame and doubt
initiative v. guilt
industry v. inferiority
identity v. role confusion
intimacy v. isolation
generativity v. stagnation
ego integrity v. despair
There are three types of learning/conditioning we discussed in class, what are they and which psychologist is associated with their foundation?
Classical conditioning: Pavlov
Operant conditioning: Skinner
Observational learning: Bandura