Week 1
Qualitatively, new patterns of behavior during development, such as the change from crawling to walking, are often referred to as:
A) stages.
B) breakthroughs.
C) passages.
D) differences.
A) stages.
A process in which infants lose their innate abilities to detect certain sensory features because those features do not occur very often in their environments is called:
A) experience-dependent.
B) synaptic pruning.
C) exuberant synaptogenesis.
D) perceptual narrowing.
D) perceptual narrowing.
Which is an example of a primary circular reaction?
A) A newborn sticks out her tongue after she sees an adult model do so.
B) An infant repeatedly brings his hand to his mouth and sucks his fingers.
C) An infant learns to open her mouth in anticipation of feeding when her mother picks her up.
D) An infant turns his head to the side more frequently when head turning is followed by a sip of sugar solution.
B) An infant repeatedly brings his hand to his mouth and sucks his fingers.
The key to developmental changes in friendship during middle childhood is:
A) biological maturation.
B) game playing.
C) moral reasoning.
D) the ability to take another's perspective.
D) the ability to take another's perspective.
Children whose moral behavior is motivated by their own consideration of right and wrong are said to exhibit:
A) Heteronomous morality
B) Ego-dependent morality
C) Autonomous Morality.
D) Moral Conventions.
C) Autonomous Morality
The germinal period of prenatal development ends with:
A) birth.
B) the first cell division.
C) implantation in the uterine wall.
D) the formation of the major organ systems.
C) implantation in the uterine wall.
The interconnections between dendrites and axons form complex webs which are called:
A) myelin sheaths.
B) neuronal networks.
C) white matter.
D) synapses.
B) neuronal networks.
Examination of the ages at which children achieve motor milestones shows that:
A) practice has little effect on the ages at which babies master universal skills.
B) 90 percent of infants have begun walking by the time they are 12 months of age.
C) there are wide variations in the ages at which infants begin to sit, walk, and crawl.
D) infants are remarkably uniform in the ages at which they become able to sit, crawl, and walk.
C) there are wide variations in the ages at which infants begin to sit, walk, and crawl.
Beth is in middle childhood and thinks that the way her mother dresses is embarrassing. She is experiencing a process known as:
A) moral reasoning.
B) coregulation.
C) de-idealization.
D) parental ethnotheory.
C) de-idealization.
What is metacognition?
A) knowledge about the process of memory.
B) the ability to think about one's own thoughts.
C) a hypothesis that explains cognitive development during middle childhood.
D) the combination of the following cognitive skills: attention, memory, and planning.
B) the ability to think about one's own thoughts.
The systems theory approach focuses on:
A) how genetic factors contribute to development.
B) how cultural context shapes development.
C) the "hardware" and "software" of intellectual functioning.
D) how complex behaviors result from the interaction of multiple factors.
D) how complex behaviors result from the interaction of multiple factors.
Which of the following is a true statement about the principles underlying teratogenic effects?
A) Each teratogen acts the same on all developing tissue.
B) Susceptibility to teratogens varies with the developmental stage of the fetus at the time of exposure.
C) The mother's physiological state (e.g., age, hormonal balance) has no impact on the susceptibility of the fetus to teratogenic agents.
D) Teratogens that have little or only a temporary effect on the mother do not cause abnormalities in the developing organism.
B) Susceptibility to teratogens varies with the developmental stage of the fetus at the time of exposure.
Researchers use the "still-face" method to explore:
A) whether newborns can identify their mothers when shown a set of pictures of adult women.
B) the impact of infant facial expression on mothers' motivation to interact with them.
C) how babies react to people who fail to respond to them in normally synchronous ways.
D) how long babies will look at a stimulus before becoming bored.
C) how babies react to people who fail to respond to them in normally synchronous ways.
Top-down mathematics instruction begins with:
A) drill and practice on basic procedures.
B) teaching strategies such as inversion.
C) children teaching the teacher.
D) problems that relate to children's real-world experiences.
D) problems that relate to children's real-world experiences.
A pattern in which the average age of puberty in developed countries declines across decades is referred to as:
A) secular trend.
B) precocious puberty.
C) late maturation.
D) early maturation.
A) secular trend.
The range between what one can do unsupported and what one can do with optimal social support is referred to as:
A) ethology
B) accommodation
C) equilibration
D) the zone of proximal development
D) the zone of proximal development
Danielle was born severely visually impaired; as a result, the visual areas of her brain failed to develop normally. This is an example of:
A) synaptogenesis.
B) experience-expectant brain development.
C) experience-dependent brain development.
D) Plasticity
B) experience-expectant brain development.
Primary intersubjectivity is defined as:
A) the repetition of actions that are pleasurable in and of themselves.
B) the recognition and sharing of interactions itself as the focus between caregivers and infants.
C) the adaptation of an emotion in response to external stimulation.
D) a shared attention of infant and caregiver to a physical object in the environment.
B) the recognition and sharing of interactions itself as the focus between caregivers and infants.
Identity in the conservation task refers to understanding that:
A) properties of an object change when the object looks different.
B) one mental operation can be reversed by the effects of another.
C) changes in one aspect of a problem are compensated for by changes in another.
D) changes limited to outside appearance do not change the amounts involved.
D) changes limited to outside appearance do not change the amounts involved.
Piaget felt that formal operational thinking differed from concrete operational thinking because it allows the individual to finally:
A) mentally combine, separate, and order objects and actions.
B) use morality in their reasoning.
C) realize that certain properties of an object will remain the same even if other superficial ones are altered.
D) systematically solve problems by considering all possible combinations of variables.
D) systematically solve problems by considering all possible combinations of variables.
What is the role played by fetal activity?
A) It assists with normal development of muscles and limbs.
B) It does not play a significant role in fetal development.
C) It does not help the fetus develop, but it assists the parent in monitoring the fetus's development.
D) It helps the skeleton ossify.
A) It assists with normal development of muscles and limbs.
A criticism of traditional Piagetian tasks is that:
A) infants are shown to develop in stages.
B) infants may have underlying representational competencies that they are unable to express through their performance on the tasks.
C) The tasks are not restricted to one culture and can be used in any population without adaptation.
D) the procedures are so complex that other researchers are unable to reproduce Piaget's methods.
B) infants may have underlying representational competencies that they are unable to express through their performance on the tasks.
According to Bowlby, infants achieve a firm, reciprocal emotional relationship with caregivers, and this relationship helps the infant cope with increasing frequent and lengthy separations. Because of infants' growing symbolic capacities, parent-child attachments begin to serve as _______ that can guide their interactions with caregivers and others.
A) positive reinforcement
B) an early form of induction
C) an internal working model
D) a tertiary circular reaction
C) an internal working model
What contribution do studies of deaf children born to hearing parents make to our understanding of the language acquisition process?
A) They prove that it is sufficient to be raised in an environment where there are human interactions even if they don’t get language input in the right modality.
B) If the parents do not use sign language, deaf children will not even develop home signs
C) They point to the importance of active participation of the child in language-mediated activity and community to develop more sophisticated language skills.
D) Hearing is essential to acquiring language.
C) They point to the importance of active participation of the child in language-mediated activity and community to develop more sophisticated language skills.
Scholars have speculated that in early adolescence there is a gap between intense emotions triggered by pubertal hormones and the brains' ability to regulate them. The adolescent is especially vulnerable to risk-taking, recklessness, and emotional problems until:
A) the maturation of synapses in the brain is complete.
B) the maturation of the frontal lobes is complete.
C) the maturation of the hypothalamus is complete.
D) the set-point is hit on the hormonal feedback loop.
B) the maturation of the frontal lobes is complete.