Classical Conditioning
What is the definition of classical conditioning?
learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior
What is the definition of operant conditioning?
form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated
What is the difference between an algorithm and a heuristic?
An algorithm is a problem solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions. A heuristic is a mental shortcut that saves times when solving a problem.
What is the definition of language?
communication system that involves using words to transmit information from one individual to another
What are Sternberg's three intelligences? Give a brief description of each.
Analytical intelligence: academic problem solving and computation
Creative intelligence: imaginative and innovative problem solving
Practical intelligence: street smarts and common sense
Extinction occurs when...
The conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus
What is shaping? What is a possible application of this method?
Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior
Ex. Training a dog to roll over
What is a confirmation bias? Can you think of an example in modern society?
Confirmation bias is the faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs.
Ex. If you are a democrat, you most likely watch CNN or MSNBC. If you are a republican, you most likely watch FOX News.
What is babbling stage and when does it occur?
Children spontaneously produce all sorts of nonsensical, unrelated sounds.
3-4 months
What is emotional intelligence?
Emotional intelligence encompasses the ability to understand the emotions of yourself and others, show empathy, understand social relationships and cues, and regulate your own emotions and respond in culturally appropriate ways
With some time after extinction occurs, what might happen if the conditioned stimuli is reintroduced?
spontaneous recovery
What is the most effective way to teach a person or animal a new behavior?
Positive reinforcement
What is it called when you continually use an old solution to a problem without results?
Mental set
When do the one-word and two-stages occur?
One word stage occurs around ages 1-2 (speak in single words)
Two word stage occurs at around 18-24 months (speak in two word phrases; noun and noun or noun and verb)
What is the difference between crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence?
Crystallized intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it. Fluid intelligence encompasses the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems.
Explain the experiment done on Little Albert, using specific terms
John B. Watson exposed Little Albert to a rat, bunny and a dog and Little Albert was no initially afraid of any of them. Through the experiment, Watson hit a hammer on a metal bar every time Albert was playing with the rat, which the noise made Albert scared and cry. Eventually, Albert began to be afraid of the rat and similar furry items. This result was due to stimulus generalization.
DECREASE of a DESIRABLE stimulus to decrease behavior
Negative punishment
What is the difference between availability heuristic and representativeness heuristic?
The availability heuristic is a mental shortcut that helps us make a decision based on how easy it is to bring something to mind. The representativeness heuristic is a mental shortcut that helps us make a decision by comparing information to our mental prototypes.
What is the difference between receptive and productive language?
Receptive language is when you understand words when you hear them or read them.
Productive language is when you use words to express yourself, in speech or writing.
Who developed the Multiple Intelligences Theory and what is this theory?
Gardner
Each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence
You choose to switch your alarm tone and ringtone. You are not a morning person, thus the idea of waking up early or being woken up makes you mad. You forgot to change your ringtone to something different. You now get mad every time your phone rings. Identify unconditioned and conditioned stimuli.
Unconditioned stimuli: waking up early
Conditioned stimuli: new alarm tone/ringtone
Identify positive/negative reinforcement/punishment and schedule.
If Sally does not eat 5 bites of her vegetables with dinner, she is not allowed to have any dessert.
Negative reinforcement
Fixed ratio
What is functional fixedness and how can overcoming it help you solve problems?
Functional fixedness is the inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was intended. Overcoming this can help when solving problems by creating the ability to come up with solutions that may have seemed impossible.
What is linguistic determinism?
Linguistic determinism is the idea that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought, as well as thought processes such as categorization, memory, and perception. The term implies that people who speak different languages as their mother tongues have different thought processes
What did Binet develop and what was the purpose?
A cognitive ability and intelligence test that is used to diagnose developmental or intellectual deficiencies in young children.