Rings a Bell
When Pavlov’s dogs began to salivate at the sound of a bell, the bell became the __________.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Operant conditioning is learning in which behavior is strengthened or weakened by its __________.
Consequences
Remembering that Paris is the capital of France involves which type of memory?
Semantic memory
You review your notes for 10 minutes a day instead of cramming the night before.
What memory principle are you using?
Spacing
Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people
Concepts
In classical conditioning, the response that occurs naturally and automatically before any learning happens is called the __________.
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
You give your dog a treat every time it sits on command, making it sit more often. This is an example of __________.
Positive reinforcement
You can vividly recall your 10th birthday party — what type of memory is that?
Episodic memory
You keep repeating a list of vocabulary words in your head just long enough to write them down on your paper.
What part of your memory system are you using?
Working memory
Judging the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to match particular prototypes
Representative heuristic
After getting food poisoning from sushi, you can’t even smell it without feeling sick. What is the conditioned response (CR) here?
Feeling nauseated when smelling sushi
You take pain medicine to get rid of a headache, and you’re more likely to take it again next time. This is an example of _____?
Negative reinforcement
Every morning, just smelling coffee makes you feel more awake — even before you take a sip.
What type of long-term memory is this?
Conditioned association
What does the Frontal Lobe do in regards to memory?
Helps with retrieval of stored information, especially for explicit memories
Supports tasks like remembering what you were just doing or keeping track of a conversation
words influence our thinking
Linguistic relativism
When a conditioned response fades because the unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the conditioned stimulus, this process is called __________.
Extinction
A trainer rewards a dolphin first for swimming near a hoop, then for touching it, and finally for jumping through it.
What learning process is being used here?
Shaping
The idea that memory was one unified system, showing that memory is multi-faceted, with different types handled by different brain regions
When you recall a memory, the neurons that stored it become active again, allowing the memory to be changed before being stored once more.
What is this process called?
Reconsolidation
A standardized test developed in one culture often predicts school success less accurately in another.
What concept does this violate?
Validity
A child is bitten by a dog and later feels anxious not only around dogs but also when hearing barking on TV. Over time, the child’s anxiety fades, but a year later they get scared of their neighbors new dog
The two two classical conditioning concepts illustrated here are:
Stimulus generalization and spontaneous recovery
A slot machine rewards players after a random number of pulls, while a factory worker gets paid after every 10 products assembled.
Identify both reinforcement schedules:
Slot machine = variable ratio
Factory worker = fixed ratio
These regions of the brain are involved in encoding implicit memories
Cerebellum & Amygdala
When neurons are repeatedly activated together, the connections between them become stronger, making future communication more efficient.
What is this process called?
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
When do you expect to see a bell curve?
When a test is standardized on a large, representative sample