Theories
Pioneered by ______, the psychoanalytic theory of personality focuses on the unconscious and importance of childhood experiences.
Who is Sigmund Freud?
The process of thinking about how you think is called:
What is metacognition?
Which coping strategy is a person most likely to adopt when they believe they can change a stressful situation?
What is problem-focused coping?
The scientific attitude encourages us to think harder and smarter, a thinking style known as:
What is critical thinking?
What is a set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males or females called?
What are gender roles?
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, our lower-level basic needs (like physiological needs and safety) must be met before higher-level growth needs are pursued. What is at the top of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
People display this cognitive bias when they select information that supports their views, ignoring contrary information or interpreting ambiguous evidence as supporting their existing beliefs.
What is confirmation bias?
Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome outlines three stages of the body's physiological response to chronic stress: alarm reaction, _________, and exhaustion.
What is resistance?
Correlation does not imply ________.
What is causation?
Just because two variables trend together, it does not mean one causes the other.
According to the information-processing model, to remember something one must encode, ____, and retrieve information.
What is store?
The humanistic theory of personality emphasizes a person's inherent drive toward self-actualization, focusing on conscious growth and reaching one's full potential. This theory was pioneered by Carl Rogers and ______.
Who is Abraham Maslow?
(Just "Maslow" is okay too.)
This is a systematic error in thinking that can skew how we process information, perceive others, and make decisions.
What is a cognitive bias?
During the ____________ stage of stress, sustained stress depletes the body's resources, weakening the immune system and increasing susceptibility to illness and burnout.
What is exhaustion?
This is the study of how a person’s immune system and health are affected by the combination of psychological, neural, and endocrine processes.
What is psychoneuroimmunology?
When a person is more driven by internal rewards (like personal satisfaction and enjoyment) than external rewards (like money or social recognition), they have a high level of this type of motivation.
What is intrinsic motivation?
According to Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, throughout our lifespan we are navigating social and psychological conflicts to develop key virtues.
In adolescence, we are trying to figure out who we are and express our individuality. This stage is called ______ vs. ____ _________.
What is identity vs. role confusion?
The tendency to overemphasize inherent traits (temperament, personality, character) and underestimate situational factors when explaining others' behavior.
What is the fundamental attribution error?
The autonomic nervous system is comprised of two subdivisions: the ___________ nervous system (fight-or-flight) and the ____________ nervous system (rest-and-digest).
What is sympathetic (fight-or-flight) and parasympathetic (rest-and-digest)?
These must be in the correct order.
This is the brain's lifelong ability to reorganize its structure and function in response to experience, learning, and injury. It operates by strengthening active neural connections and weakening unused ones, known as "neurons that fire together, wire together"
A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and behavioral styles is called:
This theory of cognitive development proposes that children move through four distinct stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Who created it?
The tendency to best remember the first and last items in a list is called the _____ and _______ effect.
Primacy and recency
OR serial position effect
The _______ theory of motivation suggests that individuals are driven to maintain an optimal level of physiological and psychological alertness, balancing between boredom and stress. Performance is best at moderate _______ , as described by the Yerkes-Dodson Law.
(both blanks are the same word)
What is arousal?
A ________ ___ is a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that set us up to perceive one thing and not another. This affects what we see, hear, taste, and feel, and schemas are used to interpret new stimuli.
What is perceptual set?
Which state of mind is created when we experience a series of bad events and develop feelings of passive resignation?
What is learned helplessness?