Stress and Health
What are some ways to cope with stress?
Physical exercise, relaxation strategies, social support, positive perspective, etc.
What are Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational
What is the difference between internal and external locus of control?
Internal: life is controlled by forces inside yourself
External: life is controlled by forces outside yourself
Describe the difference between social facilitation and social loafing
Social facilitation: performing better in the presence of other people
Social loafing: performing worse in the presence of other people
What is the difference between obedience and compliance?
Obedience: performing an action under the orders of an authority figure
Compliance: changing behavior at the request of someone else
What type of situations cause stress?
Major life events, catastrophes, daily hassles, internal conflicts
Describe the difference between assimilation and accommodation?
Assimilation: sorting information into already existing schemas
Accommodation: revising or creating new schemas
List 4 of the 6 approaches to personality psychology
Psychodynamic
Neo-Freudian
Humanistic
Trait
Behavioral
Social-Cognitive
What is cognitive dissonance?
Discomfort caused by having an attitude that contradicts another attitude or behavior
What is a schema?
A mental representation that guides the way a person makes sense of new information
Describe emotion-focused coping vs. problem-focused coping
Emotion-focused: changing emotional reactions to a stressor
Problem-focused: changing the situation that is causing the stress
What are the three types of human attachment?
Secure, resistant or anxious-ambivalent, and avoidant
What are the two ways to assess personality?
Projective tests and personality inventories
What is conformity?
Adjusting one's behavior to coincide with a group standard
Describe the difference between the id, ego, and superego
Ego: mediator, reality principle, defense mechanisms
Superego: inner control system, conscience
After the initial alarm reaction to stress, the body becomes resistant to it, then goes through an exhaustion phase.
What are the 4 parenting styles?
Permissive: indulgent
Permissive: neglectful
Authoritarian
Authoritative
What are the Big Five traits?
Neuroticism
Extraversion
Openness to Experience
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
What is the difference between discrimination and prejudice?
Prejudice: a largely negative stereotype that is unfairly applied to all members of a group regardless of their individual characteristics
Discrimination: the behavioral expression of a prejudice
What is temperament?
Basic emotional responsiveness that characterizes a person throughout their lifespan
Describe the difference between primary appraisal and secondary appraisal
Primary appraisal is one's perception of the situation, secondary appraisal is one's perceived ability to cope with the situation.
What am I facing vs. How do I deal with it?
When are parent relationships more important and when are peer relationships more important?
Parents: education, discipline, charitableness, responsibility, orderliness
Peers: learning cooperation, popularity, interaction styles among people of the same age
List 4 of the 8 Freudian Defense Mechanisms
Repression
Regression
Displacement
Denial
Reaction Formation
Rationalization
Projection
Sublimation
What are some of the reasons (at least 2) that we help others?
Social exchange theory
Reciprocity norm
Social responsibility norm
Kinship theory
What factors (at least 3) affect attraction to others?
Physical proximity
Physical attractiveness
Similarity to us
Similarity to our ideal self
Other's attraction to us