M1-2
Definition of Psychology
What is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes?
Waking consciousness and an example
Divided consciousness and an example
What is waking = when we are awake and alert - when you are doing taxes or having an intense conversation
What is divided = when we are distracted or not focused - absentmindedly drive home
Conformity
Compliance
Obedience
(with an example for each)
What is:
Conformity: when a person changes their behavior to match the behavior of others and thus “goes along with the crowd.”
Compliance: when a person changes their behavior because of a request from another person or group (who has no power) (salesperson)
Obedience: change in behavior as the result of a direct order from an authority figure
Stressors and the impacts they can have to the body
What are Stressors = events that cause a stress reaction
Impacts = depression, insomnia, aches and pains, anxiety, heart disease, concentration issues, constipation, irritability, forgetfulness, fatigue, and more
ID, EGO, SUPEREGO
The id is present at birth and contains all basic biological drives and impulses
The ego’s job is to think rationally and logically
The superego recognizes that we must obey rules and laws
It is up to the ego to find a way to satisfy the id, while not violating the rules of the superego.
Steps of the Scientific Method
What are...
State a problem or question
Form a testable hypothesis
Create an experiment
Collect data and test the hypothesis
Reach a conclusion and test the results
We dream because...
The pons serves as a bridge between lower and upper brain areas. Lower brain areas are responsible for basic, life-sustaining functions (like heartrate and breathing), while upper brain areas are responsible for conscious thought. In functioning as a bridge, the pons sends messages to the cortex, the area of the brain that interprets sights and sounds. When you are awake, the messages sent from the pons to the cortex correspond to reality. But, during sleep, the pons sends random signals to the cortex.
Characteristics of emotions (name 3)
What are:
Physiological arousal (body response, heart racing)
Behavior (smile, frown)
Inner awareness of the feeling (I feel happy, or sad)
Explain Maslow's Hierarchy
What is:
Basic - food water shelter
Safety - job security, housing security
Love and belonging - sense of connection
Esteem - self confidence, respect of others
Self Actualization - morality, creativity, acceptance
Individualism vs Collectivism
What is: Individualism stresses the priority of individual needs over group needs.
Collectivism stresses the priority of group needs over individual needs.
1. Sensation is...
2. Perception is...
1. What is the process that occurs when special receptors in our sense organs are activated by information from the outside world
2. What is the process of interpreting sensations
Classical Conditioning and an example
Operant Conditioning and an example
What is... Classical = The behavior is already happening, we pair it with a cue Pavlov's dogs and the bell
What is...Operant = The behavior is new, and it is paired with a reinforcement - Dog learning to shut a door
Normative Influence
Informational Influence
(with examples of each)
What is:
N=going along with the crowd to gain liking and acceptance (high school fashion)
I=going along with the crowd because you think they know something you don't (train system in a strange city)
Self-determination theory
Describe each:
Need for autonomy
Need for competence
Need for relatedness
What is:
Explain the panic button effect
What is:
Feeling that one has little control over the stressor leads to a greater stress response. In fact, just believing that one has the ability to escape or control a situation is enough to reduce stress, even if one does not use this possible “out.” This is known as the panic button effect.
Rods and Cones
What are the rods for seeing noncolor vision and the cones for seeing color vision
Reinforcement vs. Punishment both positive and negative, with examples for each
What is:
Reinforcements pos and neg, make a behavior more likely to occur - pos is giving a treat, neg is removing chores for the weekend
Punishments pos and neg, make a behavior less likely to occur - seat belt bing, or removal of a vaca day
Affective forecasting (the science of emotions)
What is:
We are great at predicting what emotions we will have, but not how strong they will be or for how long they will last
Instinct approach
Drive-Reduction Approach
What is:
Instinct: territoriality, reproductive behaviors
Drive reduction: eat when hungry, drink when thirsty
Barriers to problem solving...
Confirmation Bias...
Functional Fixedness (The Candle Problem)...
What is:
Confirmation bias: not considering information that disagrees with what you think the answer should be, or that does not confirm your preexisting beliefs about something
FF: when a person thinks about objects only in terms of their typical functions or uses (recall Duncker's Candle Problem)
Absolute Threshold
What is the lowest level of stimulation a person can consciously detect (and correctly report noticing) 50% of the time
Real Presence of others
Imagined Presence of others
Implied Presence of others
(examples for each)
What is:
Real = they are there with you
Imagined = you think about what they would think
Implied = Security Cameras, red light cameras, the idea is you ae being watched, even if you are not really watched 100% of the time
Describe the Asch study (the line study)
What was- A: The line was one length, but confederates said it was different, 1/3 of participants conformed
Misattribution of arousal (the Dutton an Aron Bridge Study is an example)
What is:
If something arousing or scary is happening, the person seems more attractive, if the bridge is secure, person is not as noticable
ex: the crazy dates on the bachelor
Abnormal Psychology- Perspectives
Biological, Psychodynamic, Behaviorism, Cognitive, Sociocultural, Biopsychosocial
What is: Biological = something is structurally or chemically wrong, psychodynamic = repressed thoughts or memories/trauma, behavioral = maladaptive behavior is learned, cognitive = abnormal thought patterns, sociocultural = culture can have influence, biopsychosocial = all of the above
Name the senses (8)
What are:
Sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste,
proprioceptive (movement), vestibular (balance), Interoceptive (internal)
In research, a confederate is
What is: someone who is pretending to be a participant
Prejudice (with example)
What is: a negative feeling towards a person based solely on a group to which they belong. So, for example, racism, sexism, and homophobia are all forms of prejudice
Problem-focused coping
What is -
involves coping strategies that try to eliminate the source of stress or reduce its impact through direct actions.
Availability Heuristic
What is: judging the frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which relevant instances come to mind
Name three parts of the eye
What are the cornea, pupil, and iris?
Describe the Milgram study (shock experiment)
What is:
M: The participants had huge issues with delivering the "shocks" but still did
Discrimination (with example)
What is: treating people differently because of a group to which they belong - discrimination could include choosing not to hire someone because of their race, gender, or sexual orientation
Emotion-focused coping
What is:
coping strategies that change the impact of a stressor by altering one’s emotional reaction to the stressor. Emotion-focused coping strategies work especially well for stressors that are uncontrollable
Some of the things our skin receptors can sense
What are:
Pressure, temperature, pain
Foot in the door technique
What is:
You ask for ten dollars, but you really plan on asking for forty
Minimal group effect
What is: People show favoritism and preferential treatment towards fellow group members, even when group membership has been determined randomly
Temperament is:
What is: is the enduring characteristics a person is both with, which may result from genes and/or prenatal development - then shaped by one’s environment and life experiences to form an individual’s larger personality
Describe pheromones
What are: chemical messengers released by an animal that affect the behavior of other animals - some pheromones in animals affect attraction and sexual behavior
Low-ball technique
What is:
The price for the ticket looks amazing, but then you realize it is one-way only, so it is actually double
Realistic conflict theory
What is: a theory that argues that hostility, prejudice, and discrimination become even more likely when groups are competing for limited resources like jobs, money, housing, or food
Personality is...
What is: Personality involves the unique and relatively stable ways in which a person thinks, feels, and behaves. It includes how you react to others and to your environment and is influenced by moral character, personal history, family, culture, genes, and temperament
Our sense organs include...
What are:
eyes, ears, taste buds, nose, skin
Door in the face
What is:
You ask for $100, but you really need $40
Jigsaw classroom (or workspace)
What is: technique, each person contributes to completing an assignment - Understanding each topic should then be crucial to the completion of a project - effective in decreasing racial prejudice and improving academic performance
Rationalization
What is:
A defense mechanism - you might do something that is not quite nice to your friend, but reason that your friend has also done disreputable things in the past, making your actions acceptable.
Name three parts of the ear
What are the:
Pinna (visible part)
Ear canal
cochlea (in the middle ear)
Organ of corti (has the hair cells in it)
That's not all technique
What is:
Before someone can respond, you add to the pitch
Motivation
What is: what drives behavior so that needs or wants are met. These needs can be physical (such as when we are motivated to get off the couch and microwave something to eat) or psychological (such as when we are motivated to call a friend and strengthen a social bond).
The sociocultural perspective is
What is: focuses on the importance of gender, ethnicity, culture, and socioeconomic status in shaping personality
Circadian Rhythm
What is:
The sleep-wake cycle is a circadian rhythm...takes about a day (24 hours) to complete.
Technique based on scarcity
What is:
What is rare is good... it is almost gone, act now!
Difference between moods and emotions
What is: moods are feeling states but moods are not clearly linked to some event or trigger, emotions are usually temporary
Trait theory is
What is:
to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior - focus on traits, which are consistent, enduring ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving
Name the five main taste receptors
What are:
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
Internal attribution is.... (with example)
What is: the person is late based on them being lazy, not external factors
Or, someone did well on a test because they are smart
It is a personal fault, positive or negative
What is: as our physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are seen as threatening or challenging
Cognition is...
What is: is the mental activity that happens in the brain when a person is processing information. This processing allows an individual to organize information, attempt to make sense of and understand information, or communicate that information to others. Cognition can include memory, but it is more than simply recalling information. With cognition, a person is aware of the information in their brain and is using that information to make a decision or solve a problem. Cognition is also known as “thinking.”
Melatonin does...
What is:
a hormone that is linked to sleep
External attribution is (with example)...
What is... Person is late so to external factor... not heir fault, traffic, weather, etc
it is not personal fault, positive or negative
What are...
Multiple responses... social support, stress reduction techniques, etc
Mental images or concepts
What are: Concepts are ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities. They contain information about important defining features of the concept, allowing us to better identify and categorize new objects.
Gestalt Principles are... (some examples below)
What are:
Ways to identify some commonalities in the ways many people perceive patterns
Stereotypes (with example, pos and neg)
What is:
are beliefs that associate entire groups of people with certain traits
The behaviorist view of personality is...
What is:
Behaviorists feel that habits and behaviors and personality is learned
Algorithms
What are: specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain kinds of problems. For example, in elementary school you may have learned PEMDAS (parentheses, exponents, multiplication, division, addition, subtraction) to complete math problems using order of operations.