Theory of Mind
It is a piece of evidence that even very young infants are socially motivated.
What is early imitation?
OR
What is engaging parent in social interaction?
If you want to know about *this feature* of children's bias, just ask them directly who they like.
What is explicit bias?
This is a piece of evidence that IQ differences *are* related to genetics.
What is identical twins > others in correlation?
OR
What is twins > others in correlation?
OR
What is siblings > others in correlation?
This *specific* behavior suggests that the drive to help other people emerges quite early in life.
What is helping an experimenter pick up their dropped object?
OR
What is opening a bookcase for an experimenter?
This is a task that allows you to measure whether a toddler has a self-concept.
What is mirror-recognition/rouge?
OR
What is shopping cart task?
OR
What is saying/signing "I" and "me"
Ben's parents follow this parenting style, where they are very warm and responsive, but don't have many rules.
What is permissive?
This is the TASK and AGE at which people begin to understand that people might have different desires than their own.
What is the Brocccoli-Goldfish test at 18-months old?
This is how you would describe the developmental trajectory (change across age) in White people's implicit racial bias.
What is stable?
OR
What is flat?
Among children in the poorest families, the proportion of differences in IQ that can be explained based on genes is approximately ____.
What is 0%?
(Answers will be accepted if less than ~20%, or say very small)
When children say "that's not fair" after getting less, they may actually be experiencing this emotion (rather than caring about "fairness").
What is envy?
This might help someone decide whether or not to show (via facial expression) how they are feeling, even if they are still actually feeling the emotion.
What is a display rule?
Amy is 14-months-old. When she does the Strange Situation, she is fine when her mom leaves and remains happy when her mom returns, demonstrating that she has this attachment style with her mom.
What is insecure-avoidant?
Manipulating this feature of a puzzle box allows researchers to determine whether a species is really *over*-imitating.
What is opacity?
(Chimps imitate, but only on opaque boxes, not transparent ones)
Showing that White children in diverse schools are less likely to interpret ambiguous actions of Black characters as negative is an example that ____ can influence the development of bias.
What is contact?
OR
What is outgroup contact?
Interventions attempting to increase cognitive performance among the poorest children should consider focusing on this period of life.
What is infancy?
OR
What is the first three years?
If you want to get 3-year-olds to care about merit when deciding how to give out resources, consider doing this.
What is use resources that cannot be given out equally?
Amy is engaging in *this* behavior when she checks her mom's facial expression before deciding how to act.
What is social referencing?
Two parts:
Because Randy was adopted from a Romanian orphanage before *this age*, he will be able to develop a normal attachment relationship with his adoptive family. If instead he had been adopted later, he would have acted *this way*.
What is 8 months? AND What is sought emotional closeness with everyone?
This task helps researchers determine that lower performance on the Sally-Anne task in children with ASD is *really* due to issues with thinking about minds.
What is the False Photograph test?
Findings that Hispanic children display less own-group preference when their group is paired with "White" than "Black" is evidence that _____ influences the development of bias?
What is status?
OR
What is relative group status?
This is a likely reason why 7-year-old boys want to play the "Smart" game, but 7-year-old girls are less interested.
What is development of the stereotype that boys are smarter/more innately brilliant?
This is one challenge to Piaget and Kohlbergs' stage theories of moral development
What is kids don't care about all rules equally?
OR
What is even adults are not very rational?
OR
What is infants understand intentions?
A child who is physically abused will show advantages (relative to a non-abused child) at detecting this emotion.
What is anger?
Henry is securely attached. He is watching a large and small animated shape interact. When the small shape cries, Henry finds it unexpected for the large shape to engage in this behavior. (also note why).
What is withdraw further/act non-responsively? (Because Henry has an internal working model of relationships)
This term describes why children may fail explicit false belief tasks while infants can pass looking time false belief tasks.
What is competence vs. performance?
Parents often use *this type of language* when talking about social groups with their children. Doing so may lead to more essentialism/bias.
What is generic language?
(E.g., Zarpies hate ice cream; Boys like basketball)
This is one way to make children who would have otherwise shown high levels of delay of gratification decide to actually eat the marshmallow.
What is place them in an unreliable environment?
The findings from this study suggested that infants' preferences for helpers may not be as strong or reliably present as earlier research suggested.
What is ManyBabies?
OR
What is big-data replication?
This (*at least one specific behavior*) is how a parent could engage in emotion coaching with their child.
What is become more aware of child's emotions? OR What is view child's emotions as opportunity for intimacy/teaching? OR What is communicate that you understand the child's emotions? OR What is help child describe the emotion? OR What is problem solve with the child?
Three part:
Studies of monkey cross-fostering found that typically a shy baby monkey would grow up to be *this way*, and that being adopted and easy-going mom led the baby monkey to grow up to act *this way*, suggesting *this* contributes to personality development.
What is to act bold/outgoing?
AND
What is an interaction between nature and nurture?