Chapter 6
Independent vs. Dependent variable
IV = the variable that is being manipulated
DV = the variable that is impacted by the manipulation of the IV
For example, if I want to know if coffee consumption is correlated with grade, coffee my IV and grade is my DV
The capacity of our STM is
~7 (+/-2)
Explicit memory is....
Implicit memory is...
Explicit = memories you can discuss (declarative)
Implicit = unconscious type of memory
Explain ingroup vs outgroup
Ingroup = group you identify as a member of
Outgroup = group you do NOT identify as a member of
What sets the standard of diagnoses in America today?
DSM-V
True or false:
Conditioning only works when the individual themself undergoes reinforcement or punishment
False: vicarious conditioning
True or false: the capacity of our LTM is limitless
True (probably!)
What is the difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia?
Anterograde = inability to form new memories after an incident
Retrograde = inability to recall memories from before an incident
The risky-shift effect shows what in regards to group decision making?
Individuals are more likely to make bad decisions as a group than any one individual would make on their own.
'Comorbid' implies...
Two or more disorders occurring at the same time
Pressing a lever to receive food is an example of a:
Positive reinforcement
A special type of neuron in our brains fire when we observe someone else performing an action. These are called...
Mirror neurons
The Associations Networks Theory suggests what about the activation patterns of 'nodes'?
When one node is activated, related nodes may also be partially activated.
The bystander effect shows...
Individuals may not be willing to get involved, especially if there are others around them also not getting involved
What is an etiology? Name the three etiologies we discussed in class, and which we consider 'valid' today.
Etiology = root cause of a disorder
Supernatural, somatogenic, and psychogenic
What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
Classical = relating an stimulus with an involuntary response
Operant = relating a voluntary response with a consequence
How are two specific ways we can move information from our STM to our LTM. Which one is more effective?
Maintenance rehearsal
Elaborative rehearsal - better!
What are the primacy and recency effects?
Primacy effect = remembering items from the beginning of a list
Recency effect = remember items from the end of a list
Individuals may be willing to go as far as delivering a lethal shock, even if they say they wouldn't, if prompted by an authority figure
How do MDD and PDD differ?
They differ in time and severity
What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment?
Reinforcement = make a behavior more likely to reoccur
Punishment = make a behavior less likely to reoccur
What does the 'Lost in the Mall' experiment tell us about memory?
This experiment, by Dr. Elizabeth Loftus, shows that memory is fallible and manipulatable. In this experiment, it was found that you could convince someone that they had a memory that never actually happened, and they will add detail to it and may even resist when told it is a false memory.
What is cognitive dissonance?
When we experience and uncomfortable mental state due to the conflict between our thoughts and actions.
What is actor/observer bias?
We are likely to overemphasize subjective situations when interpreting our own behavior; and overemphasize personal attributes when interpreting someone else's behavior
Name one disorder we discussed in class and its main features
Anxiety, depression, OCD, PTSD, personality disorders, schizophrenia, etc.