Round 1/Group 1
Which of the following is a disadvantage of structured observation?
a. Reports are biased in favor of interviewee
b. It is difficult to determine which aspects of situation are the most influential
c. It tends to reveal more about objective experience instead of the nuanced subjective experience
d. It illuminates everyday social interactions
It is difficult to determine which aspects of situation are the most influential **
In the Kisilevsky experiment, what's the major assumption regarding the interpretation of the data collected?
A. Neonates enjoy listening to their mothers' read
B. Fetal heart rate (FHR) indicates recognition
C. Learning occurs in utero
D. Sucking indicates recognition
B. Fetal heart rate (FHR) indicates recognition
An infant’s preference for looking at an image of a black and white checkerboard pattern reflects their ability for:
A. Contrast Sensitivity
B. Perceptual Constancy
C. Object Segregation
D. Binocular Disparity
A. Contrast Sensitivity
The Vogel study (The influence of race on face and voice emotion matching) and Pascalis study (Face Processing Species-Specific during the First Year of Life) had what in common?
A. Their motivating questions
B. Dependent variables
C. Independent variables
D. A central focus on the effects of perceptual narrowing
E. C and D
E. C and D
Studies have shown that fetuses learn a variety of behaviors in the womb, including:
a) physical movements such as swallowing and breathing
b) the ability to distinguish their mother's voice from others
c) preferences for foods and flavors that their mother consume while pregnant
d) both a) and b)
e) all of the above
e) all of the above
When a newborn baby is shown an image of a normal human face alongside a misaligned human face, he/she will prefer:
A. The normal human face because the human face in the image resembles and reminds him/her of his mother and father.
B. The normal human face because a baby, because a newborn might have an innate ability to identify face like stimuli.
C. Neither because a baby has no concept of a face so does not make anything of facial structure information
D. Neither because the baby knows that the two images depict the same thing just different orientations
B. The normal human face because a baby, because a newborn might have an innate ability to identify face like stimuli.
Which of the following is a benefit of breastfeeding?
A) Lower risk of obesity throughout one's lifetime
B) Healthier Bones
C) Less prone to developing scoliosis
D) Less chances of having weak eyesight
A) Lower risk of obesity throughout one's lifetime
In the Vogel study, why was it important for the infants to have had little or no experience with African American individuals?
A. Until a certain age, babies are unable to distinguish skin tones
B. So that the babies do not associate the face they see in the experiment with the face of a person they already know
C. It is important for the babies to learn something new from the experience of participating
D. It actually doesn't matter for the experiment
B. So that the babies do not associate the face they see in the experiment with the face of a person they already know
Which of the following is the best example of habituation?
a) a baby swallowing amniotic fluid to help aid digestive system development
b) a baby responding to the sound of the mother's voice as opposed to a stranger's
c) a baby's heart rate decreasing after listening to the sound of a rattle for a sustained period of time
d) a baby preferring the sound of the native language as opposed to a foreign one
c) a baby's heart rate decreasing after listening to the sound of a rattle for a sustained period of time
Which lobe of the brain is refered to as the "executive" lobe (controls attention, impulses, etc.)?
a. Occipital
b. Frontal
c. Parietal
d. Temporal
b. Frontal
In a 2012 study, researchers Cole, Lingeman & Adolph examined whether diapers have an impact on the walking behavior of infants. They tested a single infant participant and recorded images of its footprint path for each of the following conditions: walking naked, walking wearing lightweight disposable diapers, and walking wearing bulkier cloth diapers. Under which of these conditions did the infant participant exhibit the most mature walking behavior?
A) Walking naked
B) Walking wearing lightweight disposable diapers
C) Walking wearing bulkier cloth diapers
D) It did not matter if they were naked or wore diapers
A) Walking naked
In the Smith et. al study, researchers examined differences in the visual perceptions of adults and children. Some of these differences can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Children are constrained by their bodies (short arms)
B. A child's tendency to focus on one object at a time
C. Children like brighter colors
D. Child's field of view is different than parent’s
C. Children like brighter colors
Below are examples of study designs, followed by the name of the type of study it is. Which of the following has been incorrectly paired?
A. An experimenter sits in on a family’s dinnertime conversations to observe how the parents and children interact – naturalistic observation
B. An experimenter looks for brain wave patterns at certain frequencies while a child is listening to a song – EEG
C. An 7-year-old child is brought to an office and asked about their friends, family, and life at school – clinical interview
D. An experimenter comes to observe children with their teachers in a preschool classroom – structured observation
E. 4- and 5-year olds who have not discovered the counting-on strategy are given many addition problems over 11 weeks – microgenetic design
D. An experimenter comes to observe children with their teachers in a preschool classroom – structured observation
Children who are born with cataracts may experience lasting deficits in visual acuity if the cataracts are removed too late. This vulnerability is one of the disadvantages of:
A. Cerebral lateralization
B. Experience-dependent plasticity
C. Experience-expectant plasticity
D. Synaptic pruning
E. Failure to thrive
C. Experience-expectant plasticity
Multiple Scerosis affects the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms include muscle stiffness, blurred vision, thinking problems and speech impairment. This disease likely occurs as a result of damage to what specifically:
A. Dendrites
B. Myelin sheath
C. Synaptic Pruning
D. Axons
B. Myelin sheath
Which of the following historical figures did not hold a constructivist view on child learning?
A. Plato
B. Piaget
C. Locke
D. William James
A. Plato
Which of the following is not a main developmental consequence of smoking cigarettes during pregnancy?
A) Slowed fetal growth
B) Low birth weight
C) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
D) Schizophrenia
D) Schizophrenia
As found in Smith's article a toddler's perspective is:
A) Dynamic and not selective
B) Static and selective
C) Non-goal oriented
D) Dynamic and highly selective
D) Dynamic and highly selective
During which stage of Piaget's stage theory do children develop the ability to understand conservation principles?
A) Sensorimotor
B) Preoperational
C) Concrete operational
D) Formal operational
C) Concrete operational
What would be an example of instrumental conditioning?
a) baby making sucking movements when it sees a bottle
b) baby shaking a rattle to make an interesting sound
c) baby seeing parent sticking out tongue, so they also stick out their tongue
b) baby shaking a rattle to make an interesting sound
Do scientists generally consider "nature" or "nurture" the more crucial part to a child's development?
A) Nature, because ultimately, the genes received from the parents have the greatest effect on a child's future.
B) Nurture, because the genome does not have a significant effect because environment controls most the factors of development.
C) Neither are critically important because a child is ultimately in control of their own development regardless of their genetic and environmental factors.
D) Neither, because to declare one more important would show a lack of understanding on how critically interdependent and inseparable the two are in a child's development.
D) Neither, because to declare one more important would show a lack of understanding on how critically interdependent and inseparable the two are in a child's development.
Smith et al's (2011) experiment seems to indicate that children:
A. Are more attentive to the sound of their mother in the womb
B. Tend to focus on one object in their field of view LESS than adults
C. Tend to focus on one object in their field of view MORE than adults
D. Like to cry and scream
C. Tend to focus on one object in their field of view MORE than adults
Which of the following was NOT an aspect of Piaget's theory?
(A). Nature-nurture
(B). Continuity/ Discontinuity
(C). Active Child
(D). Influence of sociocultural context
(E). None of the Above
(D). Influence of sociocultural context
When a ball is placed behind the left screen, only to appear behind the right screen when the screens are lifted, this is a violation of:
a) solidity
b) support
c) continuity
c) continuity
At around what age do babies become capable of Self-locomotion?
a) 6 months
b) 8 months
c) 10 months
d) 12 months
b) 8 months
Which of the following is most unlikely in motor development in a child?
A. A child begins to speak before 12 months
B. A baby, when held upright, will move legs as if to walk
C. A baby learns to walk without ever learning to crawl
D. A baby learns to crawl before learning to sit
D. A baby learns to crawl before learning to sit
Which of the following is the best reason for putting an eye patch over an infant's "good eye" for a few hours a day, in the time following cataracts surgery in the other "bad eye"?
a) To rest it, as it must work harder to compensate for the bad during the other hours of the day
b) To see if the infant can function with only one eye for a given time period.
c) To make sure the infant uses and exercises the bad eye, so the proper circuitry for that eye can be established.
d) To see if the infant's dominant eye can be switched following surgery.
c) To make sure the infant uses and exercises the bad eye, so the proper circuitry for that eye can be established.
Considering violations of expectations, infants are:
A. More likely to explore the stimulus that violated their expectations
B. More likely to explore the stimulus that did not violated their expectations
C. Lose interest in the stimuli altogether and find something that makes sense.
A. More likely to explore the stimulus that violated their expectations
Which type of study is described here: Thirty randomly selected children born in 2010 in Princeton, New Jersey and thirty randomly selected children born the same year in Trenton, New Jersey are followed until age 30. Every five years, the participants are interviewed to examine the participant's criminal activity.
A. Cross Sectional
B. Electroencephalogram
C. Experimental
D. Longitudinal
D. Longitudinal
Most of the 100 billion or so neurons currently possessed by an individual have been with them since _________
A. Adolescence
B. Their first few months of life
C. Before birth
D. Their early school years
C. Before birth
In both articles by Pascalis and Vogel, which research method was utilized to evaluate ‘perceptual narrowing’?
a. VPC
b. ERP
c. fNIRS
d. High amplitude Sucking
e. Both a and b
f. None of the above
a. VPC
Which term best describes the following situation?
When faced with an ambiguous, unfamiliar, or potentially dangerous situation, a baby looks to her mother (specifically, the expression on her mother's face) to decide whether or not to proceed with an action.
a) imitation of intentions
b) rational expecting
c) violation of expectations
d) social referencing
e) social learning
d) social referencing
Which of the following is not a teratogen?
A. Marijuana
B. Environmental pollutants
C. Disease
D. Cigarettes
E. None of the above
E. None of the above
Based on Myrtle McGraw's twin study, involving Johnny and Jimmy, scientists concluded that:
A. Children lose their innate stepping reflex within the first six weeks of life.
B. A child's experience is not key to motor development because exposing one twin to more activities did not speed up his basic development.
C. Twins show more similar patterns in development than do other children, confirming that genetics do play a major role in development.
D. None of the above.
B. A child's experience is not key to motor development because exposing one twin to more activities did not speed up his basic development.
Which of the following is the Babinski reflex?
A. The walking motion that naturally occurs in young infants
B. The extension of the toes when the sole of the foot is stroked in young infants
C. The turning of the infant's head toward the side of the cheek that is stroked
D. The startle reflex that happens when an infant feels it is falling
B. The extension of the toes when the sole of the foot is stroked in young infants
Which statement would Piaget disagree with?
a) children can be pushed through the Piaget's developmental stages at a faster rate than his estimated ages
b) Training your child to grow cognitively by giving them incentives is a good tool
c) Parents soley need to structure their child's environment so that they can learn from it - they don't need to specifically teach them
d) Children are scientists
b) Training your child to grow cognitively by giving them incentives is a good tool
A scientist conducts a study that tracks young children's reading ability from ages 6 until 9 to try and determine their rate of reading development during those years. In the study, the experimenter gives a child a short passage and times how long he/she takes to read it aloud at age 6, and then again at age 9. For this study, what are the dependent and independent variables?
A. Age (dependent) and rate of development (independent)
B. Age (independent) and reading time (dependent)
C. Rate of development (independent) and reading time (dependent)
D. Reading time (independent) and age (dependent)
B. Age (independent) and reading time (dependent)
When does the myelination of axons occur?
A. Before Birth
B. After birth
C. During adolescence
D. Early adulthood
E. A and B
E. A and B
Which of these is NOT an innate reflex of a baby?
A) Toes curling when the bottom of its foot is stroked
B) Grasping an object put in its hand
C) Smiling when it sees its mother's face
D) Sucking on an object in its mouth
C) Smiling when it sees its mother's face
Which of the following is not a good example of executive functioning?
A. Studying and memorizing the terms for a PSY 254 exam
B. Playing Simon Says as the follower
C. Playing a piece on saxophone that you have practiced excessively over the span of two years and have completely committed to memory
D. Taking a Japanese language oral exam as a person whose first language is English
C. Playing a piece on saxophone that you have practiced excessively over the span of two years and have completely committed to memory