What is is one of the 4 (four) problems with casual observation?
(1) Humans see cause-effect relationships where they don't exist
(2) Humans fail to see cause-effect relationships where they exist
(3) Humans are poor at acknowleding cause-effect relationships spread out over time
(4) If not motivated, humans often miss cause-effect relationships
100
What is a variable?
A representation of a construct; changes values across people/things being studied
100
What is the responsibility of researchers underlying informed consent?
All researchers are required to get consent of participants after telling them risks and purpose of study.
100
What is the Classical Test Theory equation?
X = T + E
100
What does the N in OCEAN stand for?
Neuroticism
200
What is one of the five (5) differences between social science research and casual observation?
(1) How biases are dealt with
(2) The role and use of empirical research
(3) The linking of constructs with observable behaviors or indicators
(4) The role of operationism
(5) The realization that theories cannot be proven true
200
What is refutation research (i.e., what does it entail, what is it)?
Imagining competing hypotheses and designing studies to test them, with the intention of showing they can’t be correct
200
What is the name of the report producing the the primary principles for ethical research?
The Belmont Report (of 1979)
200
What is an example of a systematic error?
Response biases, reading ability, a person’s motivation to take the test, a person’s test anxiety
200
What is deductive research / deductive reasoning?
Starting with general statements about behavior (hypotheses) to generate empirical research that yields observations (data)
300
What is a similarity between social science research and physical science research?
The logic of inquiry - the application of systematic (empirical) research methods
300
What is construct validity?
Degree to which the IV and DV accurately reflect or measure the construct of interest
300
What is one of the two considerations underlying the principle of Beneficence?
(1) One should not harms one’s participants
(2) Benefits to participants should be maximized while potential harms are minimized
300
What is the source of error assessed by interal consistency methods of estimating reliability (split-half, Cronbach's Alpha)
Content Sampling or Flawed Items
300
How do we ensure that our research has construct validity?
Use multiple operational definitions - measure each construct in more than one way
400
In addition to the way we interpret to and react to findings, how do values impact the scientific process?
Values impact the types of questions that we ask
400
How do we ensure that our research maximizes external validity?
Random sampling: Using a variable whose values are randomly determined to decide who is in the sample (e.g., coin toss, random number generator)
400
What is one of the two ethical convictions underlying Respect for Persons?
(1) Individuals should be treated as autonomous agents
(2) Persons with diminished autonomy (e.g. illness, age, limited capacity,etc.) are entitled to protection.
400
What is the range of coefficient Alpha and what do the values mean?
0 (total random error; no reliability; no true-score variance) to 1 (no random error; all observed-score variance is true-score variance)
400
What is the basic premise underlying internal-consistency reliability, in terms of random error?
Random error varies not only across different administrations of the same test, but ALSO from one question to the next within the SAME administration
500
What is one of the three problems associated with the use of Authorities for supporting casual observation?
(1) The authority may not be an authority after all (a fake)
(2) Authorities can have their own interests in mind
(3) Values and beliefs can influence who we perceive as an expert
500
What are three (3) J.S. Mill's criteria for inferring causality?
(1) Covariation between the presumed cause and effect (correlation)
(2) Temporal precedence (X before Y in time)
(3) Alternative explanations can be ruled out (third variables ruled out)
500
What is the ethical principle of Justice?
Equitable selection and recruitment, and fair treatment of research subjects
500
What is the name of the formula used to correct the correlation between the two halves in split-half methods of reliability?
Spearman-Brown prophecy formula
500
What is the confirmation bias?
Cognitive bias that leads us to search for or interpret new information in a way that confirms our prior expectations and to irrationally avoid information which contradict our prior beliefs