Social Psychology
________________ is an unpleasant state that arises when an individual holds beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors that are at odds with one another.
Cognitive Dissonance
Name the Big 5 personality traits.
O.C.E.A.N: Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
_________ is the fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing or in which help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack.
Agoraphobia
What are some characteristics associated with Humanistic therapy?
Humanistic therapies emphasize the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is basically positive.
Explain the concept of self-actualization and its role in humanistic models.
Self-actualization: the drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent
According to Humanistic psychologists, Self-actualization is the core motive for personality
Stereotypes (general beliefs about most members of a group) and Prejudices (negative attitudes regarding others based on group membership) can lead to _________, which is negative behavior toward others based on their group membership.
Discrimination
What type of personality test is the Rorschach Inkblot test?
Projective
The condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control is called _________.
Borderline Personality Disorder
Which technique uses a fear hierarchy to help individuals learn to relax when exposed to something that makes them anxious or fearful?
Systematic Desensitization
What are the characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia?
(Name at least 3)
Psychotic symptoms, delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and catatonic symptoms.
People with schizophrenia have difficulties with attention, thinking, language, emotion, relationships with others, and the ability to hold a job.
Social ______ is when the mere presence of others can enhance our performance in certain situations, whereas Social ______ is when individuals become less productive in groups.
Social Facilitation; Social Loafing
What aspect of Freud's personality theory is considered the part of our personality that we express to the outside world?
Ego
_______ episode is the experience marked by dramatically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, and irresponsible behavior.
This is associated with what disorder?
Manic episode
Bipolar Disorder
In the context of behavioral therapy, what is meant by a token economy?
This is a method used to encourage desirable behaviors by offering rewards or tokens in exchange for the modified behavior.
This is defined as the altering of one's own behaviors and opinions to match that of others around them.
Conformity
When committing the Fundamental Attribution Error, we overemphasize _______ influences (e.g., personality traits, characteristics, mood, etc.) when judging others' actions and underestimate the impact of situational factors.
Dispositional Influences
Isabella does very well in school because she is organized, systematic, and punctual. However, she doesn't like it very much because she's shy and doesn't enjoy socializing. What Big 5 trait is she high on and which trait is she low on?
High on conscientiousness and low on extraversion
Define hallucination and provide an example of a hallucination.
Hallucinations are sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of an external stimulus.
Can be auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, or visual.
Explain the difference between Strategic Family Therapy and Structural Family Therapy.
Strategic: An approach designed to remove barriers to effective communication.
Structural: A treatment in which therapists deeply involve themselves in family activities to change how family members arrange and organize interactions.
Comorbidity is the _______
Co-occurrence of two or more diagnoses within the same person
The _________ is a method of persuasion that uses high elaboration and careful processing of the information which leads to stronger attitudes.
Central Route
Explain how Freud believed the id, ego, and superego interact to create personality
The id is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives, the super-ego is our moral conscience, and the ego is the realistic part that must determine how to meet the needs of the id, while upholding social reality and the moral standards of the superego.
Explain the difference between obsession and compulsion.
Obsession: Persistent idea, thought, or urge that is unwanted, causing marked distress.
Compulsion: Repetitive behavior or mental act performed to reduce or prevent stress.
Identify and explain the features of the type of therapy that would be most effective for treating Borderline Personality Disorder.
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT): A type of cognitive behavioral therapy that works with the concept of mindfulness, or being present in the moment. This helps individuals be aware of their emotions, moods, and behavior.
Which phenomenon has been argued to provide an explanation for many cases of major depressive disorder?
Learned helplessness