Show:
Jean Piaget
Conditioning
Reinforcement
Memory
Development
100
What are the 4 stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational Formal Operational
100
What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?
Association vs. Reward
100
What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers?
Primary - hugs, affection (something natural) Secondary - money, grades (things that are paried with rewards)
100
What is the time limit for the three kinds of memory?
Sensory: 1-2 seconds Short-term: 7 +/- 2 seconds Long-term: relatively permanent
100
What is PKU and how does it stand in the nature vs. nurture debate?
Genetic disorder (nature) in which a baby may develop mental retardation; however, if mothers put the infants on restricted diets (nurture), the baby does not develop the disorder
200
What is a schema?
Mental molds into which we pour our experiences.
200
What is latent learning and how is it different?
Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated.
200
Stimulus discrimination vs. generalization?
Discrimination: learned ability to distinguist between a CS and another stimulus Generalization: tendency to respond to similar stimuli the same way
200
What is the difference between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal?
Drill, drill, drill vs. memory tactics to help info stick
200
What is maturation?
Rate of growth
300
What is assimilation?
Adding new information in to our existing schemas.
300
What is the difference between punishment and negative reinforcement?
Punishment: +/- OR -/+ (the addition of something bad or the removal of something good); remember, punishment STOPS a behavior Reinforcement: -/- (neg: take away something bad) OR +/+ (pos: add something good); reinforcement rewards a behavior and makes it continue
300
What is the difference between interval vs ratio scheduling?
See question 500
300
What are the two kinds of memory interference? Give examples of each.
Retroactive: Can't remember old memories because of new material. *Note: retrograde amnesia is similar; can't remember old memories, but new ones are fine. Proactive: Can't remember new memories because of old material. *Note: anterograde amnesia is similar; can't remember new memories, but old ones are fine.
300
What are teratogens and how do they affect fetal and child development?
Chemicals or toxins that affect the development of a fetus. Mother’s nutritional & emotional state – may produce low birth weight infants or irritable, fussy babies who don’t eat properly Viral/bacterial – affects delicate neurons and neural pathways possibly contributing to neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia
400
What is object permanence?
Knowing that something continues to exist even when it is out of sight.
400
What is habituation?
Decrease in responce to a stimulus after repeated exposure.
400
What is the difference between variable vs. fixed scheduling?
See question 500
400
Tell us about Loftus and her research.
Eye witness testimony - we can't always believe it
400
What happens in the adolescent brain regarding apoptosis?
Natural part of normal, programmed developmental process in an immature central nervous system. Pruning away of unnecessary neurons.
500
What is the principle of conservation?
Knowing that the mass or quantity of an object does not change because its form or appearance does.
500
Anna's ringtone for Mark is some sappy love song. Whenever Anna sees Mark, she thinks about the sappy love song. What is the CS, CR, UCS, and UCR?
UCS - seeing Mark UCR - saying hi (feeling normal) CS - sappy song CR - thinking of song when around Mark
500
Give examples of the following: fixed interval variable interval fixed ratio variable ratio
interval = time ratio = amount variable = average fixed = always the same rate
500
What is long term potentiation? How does it relate to memory?
Refers to the synaptic enhancement after learning.
500
What are Erikson's 8 stages of psychosocial development?
Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Initiative vs. Guilt Competence vs. Inferiority *Identity vs. Role Confusion: who am I? *Intimacy vs. Isolation: finding love *Generativity vs. Stagnation Integrity vs. Despair