CH. 5: Conditioning
This type of learning occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired, and one comes to elicit the response originally produced by the other.
What is classical conditioning?
A teacher gives stickers for good behavior to encourage participation. What conditioning principle is being applied?
What is positive reinforcement?
The visual component of sensory memory that creates and stores visual sensory information. Remember “icon.”
What is iconic memory?
Spacing out your study sessions over several days instead of cramming the night before takes advantage of this principle.
What is spaced practice?
This individual is known as the "father" of cognitive development, having coined key features including "assimilation" and "accommodation"
Who is Jean Piaget?
This type of learning occurs when behavior is strengthened or weakened by its consequences.
What is operant conditioning?
A person learns to stop touching a hot stove after being burned. What kind of learning is this?
What is operant conditioning (positive punishment)?
Memory for how to perform tasks or skills, such as riding a bike.
What is procedural memory?
A friend insists they remember being in the kitchen when hearing about 9/11, but later says they were in their dorm room. This inconsistency reflects this property of memory.
What is reconstructive memory?
This term accounts for harmful agents during prenatal development, and can include A or B
What are teratogens?
Can broadly include - substances, environmental chemicals, dangerous food additives
This psychologist proposed that behavior is determined by its consequences, introducing concepts like reinforcement and punishment.
Who is (B.F.) Skinner?
A therapist helps a client unlearn a fear by gradually exposing them to the feared object while practicing relaxation. What is this called?
What is systematic desensitization?
These are the three basic processes of memory: the ways we get information in, keep it in, and get it out.
What are encoding, storage, and retrieval?
A student studies a list by making personal connections to each word, rather than just repeating them. This demonstrates this kind of encoding.
What is elaborative or deep processing?
The "Prenatal Period" is characterized by these (3) stages.
What is [Germinal] > [Embryonic] > [Fetal]
Thorndike’s “Law of Effect” stated that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to occur again. This principle is the foundation of what theory?
What is operant conditioning theory?
A manager praises an employee each time they submit reports early, increasing that behavior. Which concept from operant conditioning does this illustrate?
What is reinforcement (positive reinforcement)?
This system actively holds a limited amount of information so it can be manipulated and processed.
What is short-term memory?
After hearing others describe a stop sign at a crash scene, a witness later “remembers” seeing the stop sign too, even though it was actually a yield sign. This demonstrates this type of memory error.
What is the misinformation effect (or suggestibility)?
This preoperational stage construct is defined as an "inability to understand a perspective other than one's own"
What is egocentrism?
In classical conditioning, when a previously conditioned stimulus acts as an unconditioned stimulus to condition a new neutral stimulus, this process is called ____.
What is higher-order (or second-order) conditioning?
A soda company pairs its product with images of happy, attractive people to create positive emotional associations. Which form of conditioning is being used?
What is classical conditioning?
This type of processing encodes new information by linking it meaningfully to what you already know.
What is deep processing?
You forget the name of the first person you met at a party after meeting several others that night. This best illustrates this theory of forgetting.
What is interference theory?
These four stages of development were constructed by Piaget to explain a child's cognitive developmental timeline
What is: Sensorimotor > Preoperational > Concrete Operational > Formal Operational