Chapter 12 - Social
Repeated exposure to a stimulus, such as an object or a person, leads to greater liking of the stimulus. What is the name of this effect?
Mere Exposure Effect
The name of the personality test where people look at an apparently meaningless inkblot and describe what it appears to be. Do we still use this today to assess personality? Why or why not?
Rorschach Inkblot Test - No! Low inter-rater reliability
What is the name of the manual psychologists and psychiatrists use to diagnose psychological disorders? How are the disorders grouped?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - 5th Edition
Disorders are grouped based on similarity in symptoms
Which disorder is described below: mildly or moderately depressed moods but for longer periods.
*Must have depressed mood most of the day, more days than not, for at least 2 years
*Lasts from 2 - 20 or more years (M duration is ~5 to 10 years)
Persistent Depressive Disorder
What are the two routes to persuasion according to the elaboration likelihood model? What are the 2 features that determine which route a person is likely to be persuaded by?
1. Central and peripheral
2. Motivation (personal relevance) and ability (cognitive)
The tendency to attribute behavior to dispositional qualities of the actor (traits, abilities, motivations), and underestimate the causal role of situational factors. What is the name of this error?
Fundamental attribution error
The name of the idea that behavior is determined jointly by situations and underlying dispositions. Ex: if high on extraversion, you seek out social environment to match.
Interactionism
A diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event.
Diathesis-stress model
Diathesis (biological - genetic, environ - childhood adversity)
Stress - precipitating event
What is the difference between generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder?
GAD: constant anxiety not associated with specific object/ event
SAD: fear of being negatively evaluated by others
The reduction of sense of urgency or failure to offer help in an emergency based on the assumption that others who are present will help.
Bystander intervention effect
Recall Festinger's original on cognitive dissonance. Which group reported greater enjoyment of the task after lying to another person about how fun it was -- the group paid $1 or the group paid $20? Why?
$1
Lying to someone for $1 --> dissonance
Dissonance --> attitude change (I liked the task!)
Traits show relative stability. How do we measure stability? Provide an example.
Rank order stability
Highest at time 1, highest at time 2
Psychological disorders can be classified as either internalizing or externalizing. What is the difference between the two? Which is more prevalent in women?
Internalizing: associated with negative emotions (e.g., distress, fear) - MDD
Externalizing: associated with impulsive behavior (e.g., APD, alcohol use disorder)
Internalizing > women
What is the term we use to describe the part of the self-concept that is available during immediate experience?
Working self-concept (Shifts from situation to situation as aspects of self become more/less relevant or distinct)
The name of the theoretical approach that most contemporary personality psychologists take when studying personality.
Trait approach: focuses on how people differ in personality dispositions (sociability, cheerfulness, etc.)
What are the 3 components of attitudes? Hint: ABC. Describe them
Affect = emotional component (like/dislike)
Behavioral = approach/avoid
Cognitive = thoughts/knowledge/memory that typically reinforces feelings
Although traits show relative stability, they also change. How do we measure personality change? What is an example of a trait that increases as we age?
Mean levels across the lifespan.
Increase in: CA
Decrease: NEO
Identify the 5 symptoms of schizophrenia according to the DSM. Hint: 4/5 are positive symptoms, 1/5 are negative).
1. Delusions
2. Hallucinations
3. Disorganized speech (incoherence)
4. Disorganized behavior (e.g., catatonic)
5. Negative symptoms (e.g., lack of emotional response or motivation)
The self-report item "I see myself as someone who does a thorough job" is an item measuring which Big 5 personality trait?
Conscientiousness - organized, careful, self-disciplined
What is the name of the attributional bias described below?
Tendency to attribute failure/bad events to external circumstances and attribute success/good events to oneself.
Self-serving attributional bias
Self report, IAT, response latency (strength)
What is the difference between trait self-esteem and state self-esteem?
Trait = (enduring) overall +/- evaluation an individual has of self
State = (temporary) temporary evaluations about self (impacted by mood, experience temporary setback/success)
Depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder
What are the 3 elements of a persuasive appeal according to the Yale approach? Hint: WWW
Who (source) says what (message) to whom (audience)
What personality trait is described below?
*inflated self-esteem
*self-centered, superiority, entitled, manipulative
*tend to have poor relations with others
*angry when challenged
Narcissism