History/Major Schools
Psychology became a separate scientific discipline during this time
What happened in the late 1800s?
In-depth analysis of an individual, group, or event
What are CASE STUDIES (descriptive)?
Pros:
- observe people in their typical settings
- higher level of ecological validity/realism
Cons:
- people may change their behavior if they're aware they are being watched
- lack of control of variables (hard to know what is influencing behavior)
- observer bias
What are the pros/cons of NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION?
The scientific study of the mind and behavior
What is PSYCHOLOGY?
Wundt and Titchener. Study the basic parts or contents of conscious experience.
What is STRUCTURALISM?
Observing and recording behavior in its natural environment without intervention
What is NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION (descriptive)?
Pros:
- cost-effective
- can gather a large amount of data quickly
- can be standardized for easy comparison
Cons:
- limited depth of data
- inaccurate responses/self-report bias
- potential for low response rates
What are the pros/cons of SURVEYS?
variable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter
What is an INDEPENDENT VARIABLE?
James, Dewey, and Peirce. Study how thoughts and behaviors help organisms adapt.
What is FUNCTIONALISM?
Pavlov, Watson, Skinner. Psychology should focus on observable behavior and learning.
What is BEHAVIORISM?
Collecting data from a large group of people through questionnaires or interviews
What are SURVEYS (descriptive)?
Pros:
- immense insight into participants
- deep understanding of the individuals and the particular phenomenon being studied
Cons:
- difficult to generalize observations to the larger population as a whole
What are the pros/cons of CASE STUDIES?
Using observation or measurable evidence.
What is the EMPIRICAL METHOD?
Freud. Behavior is influenced by unconscious thoughts, feelings, and early experiences.
What is PSYCHOANALYSIS?
Maslow and Rogers. People have potential for growth, choice, and positive development.
What is HUMANISM?
Manipulating one variable to determine if it causes a change in another variable, often using a control group for comparison
What are EXPERIMENTS (cause/effect)?
- less concern about differences among cohorts affecting the results
- researchers can feel that their finding can be generalized to the larger population
Cons:
- takes a long time
- extremely expensive
- high attrition rates
What are the pros/cons of LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH?
method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group
What is RANDOM ASSIGNMENT?
Wertheimer, Koffka, and Kohler. The whole experience is more than the sum of its parts.
What is GESTALT Psychology?
A shift that returned attention to mental processes like thinking, memory and problem-solving.
What the COGNITIVE REVOLUTION/PSYCHOLOGY?
Analyzing existing records and data sets to answer research questions
What is ARCHIVAL RESEARCH (correlational)?
- correlational (100 pts)
- illusory correlation (100 pts)
- positive and negative correlation (200 pts)
Pros:
- takes less time and money to collect data
- allows for historical comparisons
Cons:
- no control over what info was originally collected
- no guarantee of consistency between records from one source to another
- limited by the accuracy/completeness of existing data
What are the pros/cons of ARCHIVAL RESEARCH?
A systematic way to ask questions and test answers
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
- inductive reasoning (100 pts)
- deductive reasoning (100 pts)
- Theory, Hypothesis, Research, Observation (400 pts)