Motivation
How do primary and secondary control among Japanese and Americans differ?
a) Americans feel primary control in American-made situations and secondary control in Japanese-made situations.
b) Japanese feel more powerful in secondary control situations than in primary control situations.
c) Japanese feel more powerful in Japanese-made primary control situations than they do in American-made primary control situations.
d) Japanese recall more primary control situations than secondary control situations.
e) Americans and Japanese feel more powerful in primary control situations than they do in secondary control situations.
e) Americans and Japanese feel more powerful in primary control situations than they do in secondary control situations.
Which statement is true for people from cultures that do not have words for numbers beyond 2 or 3?
a) They can detect changes in the number of objects the same way as those who have words for a complete number set.
b) They can’t discriminate between different quantities.
c) They are able to discriminate between rough proportions, but not between precise numbers.
d) They can do basic counting, but not basic addition or subtraction.
e) They have no concept of what amount is visually greater or smaller than another.
c) They are able to discriminate between rough proportions, but not between precise numbers.
Research reveals that, in contrast to Westerners, the preferred kinds of emotions for East Asians are
a) low-arousal positive states.
b) feelings of group pride.
c) feelings of interpersonal connection.
d) future positive emotional states.
e) purely positive affective states.
a) low-arousal positive states.
Which of the following would not be considered universally attractive?
a) A person whose face does not have features of abnormal size.
b) A person with an average-sized body.
c) A person whose left side of the face is the same as the right side of the face.
d) A person with blemish-free skin.
e) All of the above.
b) A person with an average-sized body.
The motivations of working-class Americans appear to differ from those of upper-middle-class Americans in what way?
a) Working-class Americans, but not upper-middle-class Americans, prefer to not choose their own pens rather than be able to choose them.
b) Working-class Americans, but not upper-middle-class Americans, like a pen they didn’t choose about as much as a pen they did choose.
c) Working-class Americans prefer fewer pen choices than upper-middle-class Americans.
d) Working-class Americans prefer choices about their efforts, whereas upper-middle-class Americans prefer choices about their lifestyle.
e) None of the above.
b) Working-class Americans, but not upper-middle-class Americans, like a pen they didn’t choose about as much as a pen they did choose.
Jade, a European Canadian real estate agent, and Jing, a Chinese real estate agent, are trying to figure out what to tell their clients about the market’s outlook. Compared to Jade, Jing will
a) have predictions that are consistently more pessimistic.
b) have predictions that are consistently more optimistic.
c) have predictions that follow smoothly from past patterns.
d) have predictions that are less linear given past patterns.
e) not be able to have predictions because multiple alternatives are possible for East Asians.
d) have predictions that are less linear given past patterns.
What differentiates the pride expression from the six basic emotional facial expressions?
a) It involves more than the arrangement and movement of facial muscles.
b) It is not universally recognized, whereas the basic emotional expressions are.
c) It is more influenced by display rules.
d) It is learned, whereas the basic emotional expressions are innate.
e) It is more commonly recognized.
a) It involves more than the arrangement and movement of facial muscles.
Sanjay is an Indian male who has been in an arranged marriage for 15 years. Sana is an Indian female who has been in a love marriage for more than 10 years. Which person is likely to be happier?
a) Sanjay.
b) Sana.
c) Sanjay is happier as long as his wife bears him a son.
d) Sana is happier as long as she is able to bear a son for her husband.
e) They are equally happy.
a) Sanjay.
Raquel recently did poorly on a sociology exam. Which of the following strategies should she avoid if her goal is to engage in self-enhancement?
a) disregard the importance of sociology
b) blame her poor performance on her professor for not writing a fair exam
c) focus on how other classmates from her track and field team did really well
d) compare herself with how the best student in her class did
d) compare herself with how the best student in her class did
You are walking with your friend when both of you see someone on the street trip and fall. You think the person is clumsy, but your friend thinks the person was distracted by something across the street. In this situation, which of the following most accurately captures what you are engaging in?
a) an argument
b) dispositional attribution
c) inferential judgment
d) conclusion making
e) field dependence
b) dispositional attribution
You have a set of photographs of Fore people from Papua New Guinea displaying happiness, disgust, sadness, and fear. You present these photographs to groups of participants from the United States, Argentina, and Japan and ask them to identify which emotion is being expressed. Which of the following results is most likely?
a) People from all cultural groups will be able to identify emotions above chance level.
b) People from all cultural groups will struggle to accurately identify emotions in the photographs because they picture people from an unfamiliar culture.
c) People from the United States will accurately identify emotions in significantly more photographs than people from Japan and Argentina.
d) People from Argentina will accurately identify emotions in significantly more photographs than people from Japan and the United States.
a) People from all cultural groups will be able to identify emotions above chance level.
An example of equality matching is
a) family members who eat meals together.
b) roommates who take turns cleaning the apartment.
c) a neighborhood library where people can donate or take as many used magazines as they like.
d) a boss treating his employees to lunch.
b) roommates who take turns cleaning the apartment.
Which of the following is NOT associated with face culture?
a) Promotion orientation
b) Prevention orientation
c) Incremental theory of the self
d) Objective self-awareness
a) Promotion orientation
People who are especially field-dependent tend to be
a) introverted.
b) from Western cultures.
c) hunters or herders.
d) from large, industrialized cities.
e) holistic thinkers.
e) holistic thinkers.
Countries that have a more heterogeneous history of immigration are more likely to have cultural display rules that encourage people to
a) conceal emotions.
b) express emotions.
c) express emotions, but less intensely.
d) conceal negative emotions but express positive emotions.
b) express emotions.
Which of the following can be considered an accessibility universal?
a) arranged marriage
b) the mere exposure effect
c) market pricing
d) love marriage
b) the mere exposure effect
Which of the following statements about self-esteem is most accurate?
a) There is very little variation in self-esteem across cultures.
b) Independence is positively related to self-esteem.
c) Interdependence is positively related to self-esteem.
d) Self-esteem is higher among children than adults in Eastern cultures; however, selfesteem is higher among adults than children in Western cultures.
b) Independence is positively related to self-esteem.
Analytic thinking is best characterized by
a) taxonomic categorization.
b) thematic categorization.
c) the ability to detect subtle changes in a scene.
d) associative reasoning.
a) taxonomic categorization.
Leslie is going on a date and wants to maximize the likelihood of her date, Jessica, feeling happy about her. Leslie decides to take Jessica to watch a highly rated comedic film. Jessica feels very happy from the film, but attributes her happiness to Leslie. Which of the following explains Jessica’s attribution of her happiness to Leslie?
a) James-Lange theory of emotion
b) linguistic relativity of emotional experience
c) the facial feedback hypothesis
d) two-factor theory of emotions
d) two-factor theory of emotions
Arranged marriages
a) are associated with unhappy marriages for both men and women.
b) prevent love from developing.
c) are unusual in pre-industrial societies.
d) are less common in cultures with nuclear families as opposed to extended families
d) are less common in cultures with nuclear families as opposed to extended families