Chapter 7: Sampling
Chapter 8: Bivariate Associations
Chapter 10: Simple Experiments
Chapter 11: Confounds
Chapter 14: Replication, Extension and the Real World
100
In a study of driving behavior, researchers are interested in how teenage drivers use navigation tools. They send a survey to high school seniors and receive some responses. What is the population of interest?
Teenage drivers
100
Judy wants to graph an association where one variable is categorical and the other is quantitative. She should use this kind of graph.
What is a bar graph?
100
A study tests whether students learn more in small classes. Two schools of students take a baseline exam at the beginning of the year, but then one school gets classes of 15 students, whereas the other has up to 30. Students are tested again at the end of the year. The experimental design of this study is.
What is independent groups, pretest posttest
100
Dr. Glick runs a study in which some adolescents are randomly assigned into an intervention where they limit their phone use for one week, and others have no change in their phone use. Then they all are measured on their sleep quality, health, and happiness. Name the dependent variables.
What are sleep quality, health, and happiness?
100
Frequency claims are always in what mode?
What is generalization mode?
200
A survey of RMC students is conducted by randomly selecting 200 students to participate. Is this a biased or unbiased sample?
Unbiased
200
A study with all measured variables is always going to test this kind of claim.
What is an association claim?
200
This is one benefit of a within-groups design
Participants in the conditions are equivalent, requires fewer participants, and each participant serves as their own control - fewer extraneous differences
200
Dr. Glick runs a study in which some adolescents are randomly assigned into an intervention where they limit their phone use for one week, and others have no change in their phone use. Then they all are measured on their sleep quality, health, and happiness. Name the independent variable.
What is phone intervention group?
200
This is when scientists publish their methods, hypotheses and statistical analysis in advance of data collection
What is preregistration?
300
When you are able to include the entire population of interest in your study, it is not called a sample, but instead called this
What is a census?
300
How would you describe the strength of the relationship between these variables?
Very strong (but negative correlation)
300
A concurrent measures design is this type of experimental design
What is within groups?
300
Two groups (control and experimental) of 100 patients are in a pretest/posttest trial for treatment for substance use disorder. Between the baseline and the final measure, 5 people in the experimental group and 30 people in the control group drop out. This threat to internal validity is a primary concern here
What is attrition?
300
This type of bias of what gets published in psychology is when researchers only publish results of strong relationships, and don't publish weak or null effects.
What is the file drawer effect?
400
A researchers specifically selects quotas of different age groups to include in the study, but then randomly selects within those groups. What kind of sampling is this?
Stratified random sampling
400
This scatterplot depicts a correlation of r=0.7, a strong association, but the researcher does not interpret it as such because of what problem with the statistical validity?
What are outliers?
400
Alyssa is concerned about order effects in her within groups design, so she institutes this procedure so participants experience all conditions, but have different orders of presentation.
What is counterbalancing?
400
When a group average of a measure is unusually extreme at time 1, it is likely to be closer to the average the next time the measure is taken. This is a threat to internal validity because the scores change without being caused by the change in the independent variable
What is regression to the mean?
400
The study we learned about on Tuesday where political canvassers talked to people in their homes about their own personal experiences with immigration was an example of this kind of study, because it took place in the real world.
What is a field study
500
In the study about immigration attitudes we discussed on Tuesday, the researchers chose three counties to focus on, but then randomly sampled within those counties. This kind of sampling, randomly sampling within arbitrary groups, is called...
What is cluster sampling?
500
This correlation is closer to zero, but the research looks at the scatterplot and thinks there might be an association between the variables. What statistical validity question did they ask themselves?
Is the relationship curvilinear?
500
Khalil is doing a study on mood and judgment where he shows participants movies to make them happy or sad, then test their judgment. He wants to make sure that his manipulation of the independent variable (the different movies) actually did change their mood. What should he do?
Use a manipulation check
500
Dr. Klaaren is running a pretest/posttest independent groups study to test whether an intervention leads to improved tolerance and acceptance of people in outgroups. Unfortunately, the website that gave the survey given on the pretest is now unavailable, so she designs a new similar survey, now taken in person on paper. This threat to internal validity might be a concern here.
What is an instrumentation threat?
500
Even if conducted in a laboratory, a study can have high external validity if it is similar to a real world task, a quality called this.
What is experimental realism?
600
Dr. Riener is doing a study on Greek Life at RMC, but he doesn't have a list of all fraternities and sororities, so he is hoping to run a few participants and then ask them to tell their fellow members in the organization. This is called what type of sampling?
What is snowball sampling?
600
The relationship between hours of study and exam score depends on whether the study techniques are effective or not. In this case, "effectiveness of study techniques" is called.
What is a moderator?
600
A new miracle diet is claiming that people on this diet lose 5 pounds on average compared to a traditional diet. That difference is in "pounds" - the original unit of weight. What other way of expressing the effect size might we be interested in?
What is a standardized effect size or d
600
A participant in a study on the effectiveness of different interventions for PTSD figures out they are in the experimental group and tries to improve their symptoms and behavior to suit the experimenter. What threat to internal validity is this?
What is demand characteristics?
600
Dr. Riener runs an independent groups study and the scores of group A are on average 20% more than group B. The Cohen's d of 0.02, p = 0.34. How would you interpret this finding?
It is a null effect (d is very small, and p is greater than 0.05)