Chapter 1
Define OOPS (Ormrod's Own Psychological Survey)
A set of common misconceptions about how students learn and develop. Shown to us in a true/false survey example
List off the three types of memory
Sensory Register
Working Memory/Short term
Long-Term Memory
Explain how memory works
When we process information it goes into our sensory register memory. That information will get sorted out and travel to short-term and long-term memory.
When we want to retrieve a memory, long-term will send it to short-term/working memory.
Define the term:
Zone of Proximal Development
A zone where children can accomplish tasks and challenges only with the aid of someone else
Define the terms:
Stimulus and Response
Stimulus
A specific object or event that influences an individual's learning or behaviour
Response
A specific behaviour that an individual exhibits
Name the 1 type of Qualitative Research method.
(bonus 100 to define it)
Mixed Method
It is a combination of both Qualitative and Quantitative aspects in the same study. It is often used in social settings (surveys, interviews, etc.).
Give a definition of each. (Used when understanding and learning language)
Pragmatic, Syntax, Phonology, Semantics
Pragmatic - the purpose and context
Syntax - the structure
Phonology - the sounds and visuals
Semantic - the meaning and how a word is used
Define the terms:
Attachment, Synchrony
Attachment
The emotional tie to a parent or caregiver that is experienced by an infant, from which the child derives security
Synchrony
A mutual, interlocking pattern of attachment behaviours shared by a parent and a child
Define the term:
Intelligence
The ability to modify and adjust one's behaviour in order to accomplish new tasks successfully. It involves many different mental processes, and its nature may vary depending on the culture in which one lives
Define each term:
Reinforcer, Reinforcement
Reinforcer
- A consequence (stimulus) of a response that leads to an increased frequency of that response
Reinforcement
- The act of following a particular response with a reinforcer, increasing the frequency of that response
Name the 3 types of Quantitative Research methods
(bonus 100 EACH if you can define)
Descriptive Study
Describes situations and draws conclusions. Could be a frequency of events, or understanding certain characteristics).
Correlation Study
Explores the relationship between variables. This allows predictions based off of previous knowledge.
Experimental Study
Changing or manipulating one or more aspects of the independent variable, while measuring the change of the dependant variable.
List the three learning strategies
(bonus 100 EACH if you can define)
Rehearsal
Repeating information over and over. Act of repetition
Organization
Identifying relationships among pieces of information. Act of categorization
Elaboration
Using prior knowledge to connect new information. Drawing parallels
Define each attachment style:
Stranger Anxiety, Separation Anxiety, Social Referencing
Stranger Anxiety
Expressions of discomfort, such as clinging to the parent, in the presence of strangers
Separation Anxiety
Expressions of discomfort, such as crying, when separated from an attachment figure
Social Referencing
An infant's use of others' facial expressions as a guide to his or her emotions
Define each of Sternberg's dimensions of intelligence:
Environmental Context, Prior Experience, Cognitive Process
Environmental Context
-Adapts behaviour to fit the environment
-Adapts the environment to fit one's needs
-Selects an environment conducive to success
Prior Experience
-Deals with a new situation by drawing on past experience
-Deals with a familiar experience quickly and efficiently
Cognitive Process
-Interprets new situations in useful ways
-Separates important information from irrelevant details
-Identifies effective problem-solving strategies
-Finds relationships among seemingly different ideas
-Makes effective use of feedback
-Applies other cognitive processes
Define the following:
Primary and Secondary Reinforcer
Primary Reinforcement
- A stimulus that satisfies a basic psychological need
Secondary Reinforcement
- A stimulus that becomes reinforcing over time through its association with another reinforcer
Define the terms:
Experiment, Study
Experiment
Having independent and dependent variables and randomly assigning different subjects to different groups
Study
More descriptive and qualitative in nature. Making observations, remarking, and organising accordingly.
Define the three ways of assisted teaching
Mediated Learning Experience, Guided Participation, Scaffolding
Mediated Learning Experience
Don't give the child the answer. Let them figure it out on their own
Guided Participation
Exposing children to aspects of the adult world
Scaffolding
Providing a framework to guide and point them to the right answer
List Thomas and Chess' three(four) dominant temperament types
1. The easy child
2. The difficult child
3. The slow-to-warm-up child
4. A mix of any of the above
Define each of Gardner's Multiple intelligences:
Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, Spatial, Musical, Bodily, Intrapersonal, Naturalist
Linguistic
The ability to use language effectively
Logical-Mathematical
The ability to use reason logically, especially in math and science
Spatial
The ability to notice details of what one sees and to imagine and manipulate visual objects in one's mind
Musical
The ability to create, comprehend, and appreciate music
Bodily
The ability to use one's body efficiently
Intrapersonal
The ability to be aware of one's own feelings, motives and desires
Naturalist
The ability to recognize patterns in nature and differences among various life-forms and natural objects
Define the four types of positive reinforcers:
Concrete, Social, Activity, Positive Feedback
Concrete Reinforcer
- A reinforcer that can be touched
Social Reinforcer
- A gesture or sign communicating positive regard
Activity Reinforcer
- An opportunity to engage in a favourite activity
Positive Feedback
- A message that an answer or task is correct or done right
Define the terms:
Principles, Theory, and Hypothesis
Principles
A description of how one variable influences another
Theory
Organized concepts and statements to explain why certain principles work
Hypothesis
Testable questions to help validate or debunk a theory
Name Piaget's four Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor (~2 y/o)
Preoperational (2-6 y/o)
Concrete Operations (6-11 y/o)
Formal Operations (11- adulthood)
List three ways we think
Abstract thinking
Scientific reasoning
Moral reasoning
Critical analysis
Perspective-taking
Progressive language development
List five factors that could interfere with school success
Poor nutrition
Emotional stress
Traumatic experiences
Parents' acculturative stress
Students' acculturative stress
Fewer early experiences that foster school readiness
Lower quality schools
Peer rejection
Lower aspirations
Less parental involvement in child's education
Too much parental involvement in child's education
English as a second language
Explain the idea of conditioning using the example:
A child up to bat gets hit by a baseball
Use the terms: Stimulus, Response, Classical Conditioning, Unconditioned Stimulus/Response, Neutral Stimulus, Conditioned Stimulus/Response, Generalization
A neutral stimulus was the ball being thrown towards him. He had no response originally to that stimulus.
When he had first gotten hit by the ball he experienced both unconditioned stimulus and response. Not knowing what this new event would be like he developed fear of the ball coming towards him.
He went through classical conditioning, he feels fear of a ball coming towards him along with the pain he had felt when the ball hit him.
Now he is conditioned to feel fear when the ball gets thrown towards him, and may also go through generalization where similar situations also bring him fear.