Learning
In classical conditioning, which originally irrelevant stimulus later triggers a learned response because of association?
a. UR (unconditioned response)
b. US (unconditioned stimulus)
c. CR (conditioned response)
d. CS (conditioned stimulus)
d. CS (conditioned stimulus)
The tendency to recall items that appear first on a list is called (the) ________
a. recency affect
b. primacy effect
c. mood congruency
d. priming
b. primacy effect
The _____ states that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.
a. James-Lange theory
b. Cannon-Bard theory
c. Two-factor (Schacter-Singer) theory
d. Lazarus’ theory
c. Two-factor (Schacter-Singer) theory
_____ reinforcement schedule reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
a. Fixed-interval
b. Fixed-ratio
c. Variable-interval
d. Variable-ratio
a. Fixed-interval
Which term did Freud give to the process by which we forget painful or unacceptable memories?
a. Reconsolidation
b. Sublimation
c. Regression
d. Repression
d. Repression
Which of the following individuals is LEAST at risk for heart disease?
a. An individual with a Type A personality
b. An individual with a Type B personality
c. An individual with a narcissistic personality
d. An individual with a stress-prone personality
b. An individual with a Type B personality
Which structures provide a neural basis for everyday imitation and observational learning?
a. Copy neurons
b. Mirror neurons
c. Reflecting neurons
d. Motor neurons
b. Mirror neurons
When a person is presented with misleading information and begins to incorrectly remember, that person is experiencing (the) ____.
a. reconsolidation
b. déjà vu
c. source amnesia
d. misinformation effect
d. misinformation effect
Which division of the nervous system is activated when an individual is aroused?
a. Central nervous system
b. Peripheral nervous system
c. Sympathetic nervous system
d. Parasympathetic nervous system
c. Sympathetic nervous system
Jenna, a C-grade student, is determined to improve her grade to an A- by the end of the school year. Each time her grade improves a bit, she allows herself some screen time. Which principle of conditioning applies to Jenna?
a. Extinction
b. Discrimination
c. Generalization
d. Shaping
d. Shaping
Ali witnessed a house on fire. Which part of Ali’s brain is affected by excessive release of hormones during this stress, boosting activity in this memory-forming area?
a. Basal ganglia
b. Amygdala
c. Hippocampus
d. Cerebellum
b. Amygdala
During which phase of Hans Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are the body’s resources mobilized?
a. Alarm reaction
b. Resistance
c. Exhaustion
d. It can happen at any phase.
a. Alarm reaction
Rudy’s father gave him a candy bar each time he cleaned his room. After a few weeks, his father stopped giving him candy, and Rudy stopped cleaning his room. Why has Rudy stopped this behavior?
a. Acquisition of CR
b. Higher-order conditioning of CR
c. Extinction of CR
d. Spontaneous recovery of CR
c. Extinction of CR
Leonard, who was very attached to his grandmother, can remember with clarity every detail of the day she died, and he gets very emotional when recalls that day. Which type of memory is Leonard using for this emotionally charged recall?
a. Flashbulb memory
b. Long-term potentiation
c. Implicit memory
d. Memory consolidation
a. Flashbulb memory
Eve has become aggressive because she cannot control her anger. Which of the following suggestions should she NOT follow to manage her anger?
a. She should wait for the emotional arousal to simmer down.
b. She should find a healthy distraction or support.
c. She should mentally move away from the anger-provoking situations.
d. She should adopt a confrontational approach.
d. She should adopt a confrontational approach.