Chapter One
Despite modern conveniences making life easier, many people report higher stress and dissatisfaction. This phenomenon is known as this.
What is the paradox of progress?
The belief that knowledge should be based on systematic observation is called this.
What is empiricism?
The evaluation of whether an event is irrelevant, relevant, or stressful is called this type of appraisal.
What is primary appraisal?
The effort to reduce or tolerate the demands created by stress is called this.
What is coping?
People with this personality pattern are competitive, impatient, and hostile, increasing their risk of heart disease.
What is Type A personality?
The paradox of progress suggests that technological advances often bring this unintended effect instead of happiness.
What is increased stress or anxiety?
One advantage of the scientific approach to behavior is that it reduces this common human error in judgment.
What is bias (or subjectivity)?
Stress that lasts for a long period of time, such as caring for a chronically ill family member, is this type of stress.
What is chronic stress?
According to Ellis’s theory, this coping strategy helps reduce stress by replacing catastrophic thoughts with more realistic interpretations.
What is rational thinking (an appraisal-focused coping strategy)?
This “distressed” personality type is linked to negative emotions and social inhibition, which increase heart disease risk.
What is Type D personality?
The ability to adapt effectively to life’s challenges and demands is called this.
What is adjustment?
Wealth, attractiveness, and intelligence are examples of factors that research shows are largely unrelated to this.
What is happiness?
The body’s emergency response that prepares us to fight or flee is known as this.
What is the fight-or-flight response?
Repressing emotions is often less adaptive than doing this with emotions.
What is expressing them?
Stress weakens this bodily system, making individuals more vulnerable to illness.
What is the immune system?
People often look for this when they turn to self-help books, religion, or career counseling.
What is a search for direction?
Good relationships, work satisfaction, and health are strongly linked to this aspect of life.
What is subjective well-being?
The three stages of the general adaptation syndrome are alarm, resistance, and this.
What is exhaustion?
Problem-focused coping often begins with this first step in systematic problem solving.
What is clarifying the problem?
These devices, initially marketed as safer than cigarettes, have grown in popularity but still pose health risks.
What are e-cigarettes (or vapes)?
Some theorists argue that the paradox of progress is explained by our failure to find this in modern life.
What is meaning or fulfillment?
Rejecting science because its conclusions are threatening or uncomfortable is called this.
What is the motivated rejection of science?
Stress can sometimes be helpful because it can improve this, especially on simple tasks.
What is task performance?
Coping that involves confronting problems directly, based on effort and realistic appraisal, is known as this.
What is constructive coping?
Excessive use of this substance contributes to liver disease, accidents, and significant social costs.
What is alcohol?