Miscellaneous
What is normal, pathological, and successful aging?
Normal Aging
- psychological functioning peaks in early/middle age, stable until early 60s, modest decline through early 80s
Pathological Aging
- greater average decline as they age through the adult years; old age - cognitive impairment, chronic disease impairs daily functioning
Successful Aging
- positive physical, cognitive, socioemotional development maintained longer
What is nature v nurture?
(DNA v how you were raised)
to what extent is your development impacted by your biology versus your environment (upbringing, socialization, extracurriculars, etc.)?
What is Erikson's Psychosocial Theory?
Each period of development faces a crisis unique to their age; we face 8 crises throughout our lives that need to be resolved
infancy - trust v mistrust
toddler - autonomy v shame/doubt
early childhood - initiative v guilt
mid/late childhood - industry v inferiority
adolescence - identity v role confusion
early adulthood - intimacy v isolation
mid adulthood - generativity v stagnation
late adulthood - integrity v despair
What is Skinner's Behaviorist Theory?
key to development: rewards & punishments
What is stages v continuity?
(defined/distinct periods v slow/gradual/cumulative)
does your development occur in clearly defined stages (infancy → toddlerhood) or is it a slow, gradual process?
What is Piaget's Cognitive Theory?
4 stages: sensoritmotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
children are “little scientists” that actively construct their understanding of the world
What is Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory?
key to development: behavior & environment
you learn by observing others (Bobo Doll Study)
What is stability v change?
(stay the same v grow/decline over time)
do you become a rendition of your earlier self, or do you change over the lifespan?
What is Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory?
key to cognitive development: culture & social interaction
zone of proximal development & scaffolding
What is Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory?
key to development: 5 components of environment that all interact with each other
Microsystem (Family, school, peers, neighborhood, religious organization)
Mesosystem (Interaction between microsystems)
Exosystem (Extended family, neighbors, government, parents economic situation, parent’s work)
Macrosystem (Attitudes and ideologies of the culture)
Chronosystem (Environmental changes; life changes/events)