Babies
What is the difference between postpartum blues and postpartum depression?
Blues: about 70% of new mothers, feelings of sadness/anxiety may resolve within a few weeks
Depression: intense feelings of sadness, anxiety, anger; longer-lasting; may require treatment
What is the difference between emotion coaching parents and emotion dismissing parents?
Coaching: views negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, helps label emotions, teaches emotion regulation strategies
Dismissing: ignores, distracts, or stops the child's negative emotions
Are there gender differences in autonomy granting in adolescence?
Yes; boys are typically given more autonomy than girls
Describe the attachment styles:
Secure
Anxious
Avoidant
Secure: positive view of relationships, easy to get close to a romantic partner
Anxious: jealous, possessive of partner
Avoidant: hesitant to get involved in a relationship; may avoid partner
Which of Erikson's stages characterizes late adulthood?
Integrity v Despair
How can you reduce the risk of SIDS?
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Place baby to sleep on their back
Provide baby with a pacifier
Have a fan on while the baby sleeps
What does the current research on spanking indicate?
Linked to immediate compliance (not long-term compliance)
Linked to mental health problems and higher rates of aggression
Linked to brain differences, similar to children who were severely abused
Defenders of spanking have not produced any evidence that spanking produces positive outcomes for children
Describe adolescent egocentrism and its 2 key components.
Egocentrism: the heightened self-consciousness of adolescents
Imaginary audience: teens believe that everyone else is paying attention to them; they desire to be noticed which results in attention-getting behavior
Personal fable: teens feel unique and invincible
What is the difference between the matching hypothesis and consensual validation?
Matching hypothesis: we typically end up with a partner who is similar to us in physical attractiveness
Consensual validation: we are attracted to people who have similar morals, values, and beliefs
What is reminisce therapy?
Clinicians use pictures and videos to help with a life review
This can improve mood, reduce depressive symptoms, increase self-esteem and life satisfaction
What is a teratogen?
An agent that can potentially cause malformation of the embryo/fetus
Alcohol
Nicotine
Pollution
Deli meat
What are the four parenting styles?
Authoritative (best outcomes for child)
High warmth/responsiveness
High control/demandingness
Authoritarian (mean librarian)
Low warmth/responsiveness
High control/demandingness
Permissive (the friend parent)
High warmth/responsiveness
Low control/demandingness
Uninvolved (neglectful)
Low warmth/responsiveness
Low control/demandingness
Is the parent-adolescent relationship mainly characterized by "storm and stress?"
No; although we may remember fighting with our parents, most teens are relatively well adjusted and conflict can be healthy
What are advantages to having a baby in your 20s vs 30s?
20s: fewer medical problems with pregnancy and childbirth; increased energy
30s: maturity, career establishment, steady/increased income
What is the difference between dementia and Alzheimer Disease?
Dementia: a broad term for mental deterioration
Alzheimer's: progressive, irreversible type of dementia; ApoE4 causes plaques and tangles in the brain
Why is it best to introduce infants to an additional language (if you want them to become perfectly fluent)?
Because they can distinguish among all phonemes
How is centration and conservation related?
Centration: focusing attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others (the height of the liquid)
Conservation: awareness that altering an object's or a substance's appearance does not change its basic properties (children fail conservation tasks bc of centration)
What is cyberbulling related to?
Loneliness
Low self-esteem
Suicidal ideation
What are the 3 most distinct human qualities, as proposed by Viktor Frankl?
Spirituality
Individuals should find meaning beyond their immediate circumstances
Freedom
Humans have the capacity to choose their own attitudes and response to life circumstances, even in extreme situations
Responsibility
We are obligated to find meaning in our lives and act accordingly
Regarding talking to children about death, what do psychologists recommend?
What is The Strange Situation?
Assess infant attachment style
Series of reunions with caregiver; how will the baby respond to the caregiver?
What are the "self" terms?
Self-esteem
Self-concept
Self-efficacy
Esteem: global evaluative dimension of the self (self-worth, self-image)
Concept: domain-specific evaluations of the self
Efficacy: the belief that you can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes
How is formal operational thought (adolescence) different from concrete operational thought (childhood)?
Concrete operational: kids solve problems through trial and error
Formal operational: teenagers can reason logically about hypothetical situations
What is the OCEAN model of personality?
Openness (open-minded, tolerant, imaginative)
Conscientiousness (diligent, responsible, attention to detail) *this will increase with age!*
Extraversion (outgoing, social)
Agreeableness (friendly, trustworthy)
Neuroticism (worrisome, negative emotions)
Why are Kubler-Ross' stages of dying not widely accepted among psychologists?
The actual existence of the five-stage sequence hasn't been demonstrated in the research
Some psychologists prefer to describe these as potential reactions to dying or grief
Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance