Statistics
What is the correlation coefficient?
R value that shows the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables
What is the consent process for minors (<18 years old)?
Consent from parents; assent from youth (ages 7 and up)
How are quasi-experiments different from experiments?
Random assignment of participants is not utilized in quasi-experiments.
On a chart, what axis does the dependent variable go on?
Y-axis
Define generalizability.
Generalizability is a measure of how useful the results of a study are for a broader group of people or situations.
Define the mean, median, and mode.
Mean: average of all scores
Median: center score
Mode: score appearing most frequently
No greater than the level of risk encountered in daily life.
Define the null hypothesis.
The hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error.
Name three characteristics that are true of volunteers as compared to non-volunteers.
◂Better educated
◂Higher social class
◂Higher IQ scores
◂Higher need for social approval
◂More sociable
◂More arousal-seeking
◂More unconventional
◂More often female
◂Less authoritarian
What does a t-test measure?
If the mean scores of two groups are significantly different
Describe an unethical experiment of the 20th century.
Examples: Stanford Prison Experiment, Milgram's Obedience Experiment, Tuskegee Syphilus Study
What are the three variations of multiple baseline designs?
Across subjects, behaviors, and situations
Define Type 1 error.
A type I error (false-positive) occurs if an investigator rejects a null hypothesis that is actually true in the population.
Provide examples of a close-ended and open-ended interview questions.
What is your major? How do you see your future career?
What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?
Descriptive statistics summarize data and inferential statistics determien the probability that results are not due to chance.
What are the three principles of the Belmont Report?
Autonomy
Justice
Beneficence
How do participant observation and naturalistic observation differ? When might participant observation be required?
Participant observation requires being directly involved in the population of interest. Disguised participant observation might be required to study closed groups (e.g., cults).
What do MRIs and EEGs study?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive imaging technology that produces three dimensional detailed anatomical images, often of the brain.
An EEG is a test that detects abnormalities in your brain waves, or in the electrical activity of your brain.
What does "maximizing recognition" refer to in the context of interviewing?
Making respondents feel better good or recognizing the importance of their response in order to increase motivation.
How does a p value differ from effect size?
P value refers to the extent to which results are due to chance and effect size refers to the extent to which the results are prevalent in the population.
What is the central tension inherent in the autonomy as an ethical principle?
People are autonomous and entitled to their own opinions and choices
Due to various reasons, not all people are capable of self-determination and instead require protection
Provide examples of three threats to validity:
History
Maturation
Testing
Instrument Decay
Regression to the Mean
History: TikTok is banned
Maturation: Children in study begin puberty
Testing: Pretest helps individual realize they need better sleep hygiene
Instrument Decay: Participants stop filling out self-report during the day and instead fill it out at the end of the day.
Regression to the Mean: Extremely anxious individual's symptoms lessen over time.
Correct the following citation:
Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, Marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225‐229. doi:10.1037/0278‐6133.24.2.225
Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225‐229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278‐6133.24.2.225
Define interrupted time series design.
A quasi-experimental design in which the effects of an intervention are evaluated by comparing outcome measures obtained at several time intervals before and several time intervals after the intervention was introduced.