Scientific Method
How does the scientific observation of events differ from everyday observation?
Scientific observations are systematic and empirical
The very first step to any research project is…
Conducting a literature review
What is the weakest form of measurement validity?
Face validity
Psychologists and other human subjects researchers generally use what type of approach to ethics?
Utilitarian
Name the two major international guidelines for human subject research
Declaration of Helsinki
Nuremburg Code
Research that is conducted to enhance our understanding of behavior without regard for the immediate application of this knowledge is known as.....
basic research
What section of a journal article describes the research participants?
Methods
The measurement of educational progress using classes (e.g., freshman, sohpmore) represents which scale of measurement?
Ordinal
What ethical issue arises when people feel obligated to participate in a study because of how their physician, professor, employer, or therapist might react if they refuse?
Coercion
If you conduct a study that supports your expectations and then conduct a second study testing the same hypothesis using exactly the same operational definitions this is called…
Direct replication
A set of propositions or hypotheses that attempts to explain the interrelationships among constructs is a(n)....
theory
What is the primary difference between a systematic review and a meta-analysis?
Meta-analyses present statistical findings based on information from previous studies
If participant scores on a behavioral measure are consistent over time we would say that measure has _______________.
test-retest reliability
What is one of the goals of using debriefing after a study?
clarify the nature of the study
remove any stress or negative consequences that the study may have induced
obtain participants’ reactions to the study
The type of measurement reliability that examines how well each item in a given measure is measuring the same construct is called…
Internal consistency
What is one core feature of a hypothesis?
Concrete Prediction
Testable
Falsifiable
-> The age of the paper
-> How many times it has been cited
-> The impact factor of the journal it is published in
When a measure doesn’t correlate with other measures that it shouldn’t correlate with we would say that it has…
Discriminant Validity
Name two of the vulnerable populations we discussed
Children
Pregnant women and infants
Prisoners
Those without capacity to understand/grant consent
Researchers developed a new self-report measure of aggressive tendencies. One of the studies used to develop this new measure demonstrated a strong, positive correlation between the new measure and a widely used measure of trait anger.
What type of validity does this provide evidence for?
Convergent validity
Jan decides to play the lottery because she just feels like it is her day to win. She picks the numbers based on those that feel right. Jan is relying on which method of reason or acquiring knowledge to make this decision?
Intuition
What should you do if you find conflicting evidence about your research topic when writing your Introduction?
Discuss it openly – provide the evidence for both perspectives
When participants change the way the respond on a particular measure because of how it may make them appear it is called ________________
Desirability bias
__________ must be established regarding the proposed plan for an IRB to waive Informed Consent?
Minimal risk
What kind of reliability would be relevant in a study in which two observers recorded people’s behaviors during a laboratory interaction?
Interrater reliability
If you conduct a study that supports your expectations and then conduct a second study testing the same hypothesis but using somewhat different operational definitions this is called…
Conceptual replication
Although theories can never be ______, they can be _______ by the results of a particular study.
proven; supported
A group of researchers designs a study to examine the effects of heat on irritability. They recruit participants and have them complete self-reports of irritability while sitting in the hot room. They also record physiological signs of irritability (e.g., heart-rate variability) to ensure their self-report findings are accurate. What is this strategy called?
Triangulation
Name three of the key issues that IRBs focus on when evaluating research protocol ethics.
Adequate informed consent
Privacy
Coercion to participate
Potential physical or mental harm
Deception
Confidentiality
You are conducting a study examining the association between humility and academic achievement. You ask professors to engage in a 10-minute conversation about their academic accomplishments.
You then rate their humility on a scale from 1-10 (1 = humble, 10 = arrogant). Participants scores for humility is an example of a(n)
Operational Definition