About History
3 reasons why you should study the history of psychology.
What is:
The questions of the past are still relevant today
Context for psychology's diverse areas
Learning to avoid past mistakes
4 figures in the Ancient World.
Who is Psamtik I King of Egypt, Buddha, Confucious, and Lao-tzu?
The first moral philosopher and rationalist that advocated for aporia, dialectics, and innate ideas.
Who is Socrates?
The 5 therapeutic philosophies during the Hellenistic Period.
What is cynicism, skepticism, epicureanism, stoicism, and neo-Platonism?
The 2 figures discussed from the Middle Ages.
Who is Averroes and St. Thomas Aquinas?
The 6 British empiricists and the figure discussed under positivism.
Who is Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume, James Mill, John Stuart Mill, and Auguste Comte?
3 characteristics that generally differentiate empiricism and rationalism.
What is:
Passive mind vs. Active mind
Inductive vs. Deductive
Mechanic laws vs. Innate principles
3 factors to consider when studying the history of psychology.
What is:
Focus
Is History Truth?
Persistent Psychology Questions
The study of the origin, structure, and processes of the universe, which is orderly and explainable.
What is cosmology?
The 4 key ideas from Plato.
What is the Theory of Forms, Analogy of the Divided Line, Allegory of the Cave, and Reminiscence Theory of Knowledge?
The 6 philosophers associated with therapeutic philosophies.
The Zeitgeist of the Renaissance.
The philosophies of Thomas Hobbes.
What is British empiricism, physical monism, political philosophy, materialism, determinism, hedonism, and mechanism?
Who is Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, Immanuel Kant, and Johann Friedrich Herbart?
What is the historical developmental approach, the personalistic theory, the naturalistic theory, and the eclectic approach?
The 6 early Greek philosophers.
Who is Thales, Parmenides, Heraclitus, Pythagoras, Empedocles, and Democritus?
The six topics Aristotle contributed to.
What is causation, being and becoming, hierarchy of the souls, sensation and reason, memory, and laws of association?
The Christian Aristotle and the Jewish Plato.
Who is St. Augustine and Philo?
4 factors that led to the shift away from Church dogma.
What is:
The lessened authority of the Church starting with St. Thomas Aquina and Martin Luther?
Humanist philosophers
Exploration and contact with others
Printing inventions
David Hume's laws of association. (Bonus: his two concepts of mental content)
What is the law of contiguity, resemblance, and cause and effect?
The key contributions from Spinoza.
Matter and consciousness are different aspects of the same coin and are therefore inseparable (double aspectism)
God is nature, and nature is lawful; human thoughts and behaviour are also lawful, so there is no free will
The concepts of passions and emotions and how that ties into self-improvement?
The difference between old and new history.
What is the:
View of scientists as objective fact finders OR subjective beings, and
The view of science as a progression from error to truth OR shift in paradigms
The first theory of perception.
What is Empedocles' emanations?
The 4 laws of of association.
What is the law of contiguity, similarity, contrast, and frequency?
The figure that made Christianity tolerable and standardized, and the figure that made Christianity dominant by combining faith and philosophy.
Who is Emperor Constantine and St. Augustine?
The synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy with Cristian teachings.
What is scholasticism?
The key thoughts from Berkeley and James Mill.
What is the idea that:
There's no matter, just perception through the senses, and God is the ultimate perceiver (Berkeley), and
Mind IS a machine; all sensations and ideas are held together by associationism and complex ideas can be broken down to simple ideas?
The first figure to postulate the unconscious mind.
Who is Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz? (Bonus: define monads, petite perceptions, apperception, and limen)
3 reasons why Ancient Greece is the birth of philosophy.
What is climate, commerce and conquest, and pragmatic reasons?
The 2 figures in early Greek medicine and the two figures they were influenced by.
Who is Alcmaeon (influenced by Pythagoras) and Hippocrates (influenced by Empedocles)?
The 4 differences between Plato and Aristotle.
What is:
Dualism (Plato) vs. form and matter being intertwined
Grasping essences from introspection vs. observing the senses
Rationalism vs. Empiricism (and kind of rationalism)
Truth and logic through dialectic discourse vs. syllogism and observing/classifying
The philosophy that emphasized the most mystical aspects of Plato's philosophy.
What is neo-Platonism?
The 4 Renaissance scientists.
Who is Nicholas Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, and Isaac Newton?
The process where individual sensations combine to form a new sensation different from any of the individual sensations that constitute it.
What is mental chemistry, according to John Stuart Mill?
The figure who built on Leibniz's work on monads and apperception.
Who is Johann Friedrich Herbart? (Bonus: define apperceptive mass and state what Herbart called monads).
The definitions of paradigm and Zeitgeist.
The set of fundamental beliefs used to guide those in a scientific discipline, and
The general intellectual and cultural climate or "spirit of the times"
Who are the Sophists?
The 4 hierarchies Aristotle proposes regarding causation, hierarchy of souls, and sensation and reason.
What is:
Material cause -> Formal cause -> Efficient cause -> Final cause
Rocks & minerals -> Plants -> Animals -> Humans -> Unmoved Mover
Vegetative soul -> Sensitive soul -> Rational soul
Common sense -> Passive reason -> Active reason
What is:
A life close to nature and away from the rules and regulations of society (freedom to satisfy your natural desires and freedom from social emotions)
A life without belief where you suspend your judgment, stop arguing over what will never be settled, thus avoiding the frustration of being wrong.
A simple life of accepting nature's plan and your fate with indifference or courage.
A simple life of long-term pleasure through moderation.
Francis Bacon: his philosophy and key contributions.
Who is a radical empiricist, forerunner to positivism, and advocate for inductive reasoning that:
Pointed out the subjectiveness of human nature, and
Introduced the 4 sources of error in scientific investigation?
The 5 characteristics that can be generalized to British empiricists.
What is:
The belief that all knowledge comes from experience,
The belief that ideas are residuals from sensations,
The hedonistic view of motivation,
The emphasis on associationism, and
The emphasis toward nurture rather than nature?
The figure who was critical of Hume's skepticism and built on Descartes' innate ideas.
Who is Immanuel Kant, who combined sensory experience and innate faculties by introducing categories of thought and the second Copernican revolution?
The first modern rationalist philosopher and his 4 key contributions to psychology.
Who is Rene Descartes, the one who:
Paved the way for behavioural psychology with the mechanic analysis of reflexive behaviour
Focused attention on the brain
Influenced modern empiricism and sensationalism with innate ideas
Paved the way for physiological and comparative psychology through stimulating animal research?
The philosophies/fields of John Locke and his four general areas of contribution.