DCN
A scientific debate between whether development is largely determined by innate predispositions or by experience
Nature vs. nurture
Forms of the same gene seen on a pair of chromosomes
Alleles
Folding of the neural plate in development of the neural tube
Neuralation
Specific period of development when certain input is required or typical development will not be observed
Critical period
This may mark the onset of developmental brain changes associated with adolescence
Puberty
Developmental changes in the brain that are expected to be due to aspects of the environment that are shared by all or most members of the species
Experience-expectant
This gene is affected in fragile X syndrome, and is expected to contribute to widespread effects, including autism-like symptoms
FMR1
This determines a neuron’s final position in the cortex when migrating with radial glia
Birthday
Within the maturational perspective, changes in levels of these may cause the end of sensitive periods
Neurotransmitters
Area of the brain implicated in impulsive behavior in adolescence
Prefrontal cortex
Founder of the constructivist view of child development
Jean Piaget
Many genes can play multiple roles at different times of development and in different areas of the developing individual because they are
Pleiotropic
This portion of the neural tube develops into the sensory cortex
Dorsal
According to the interactive specialization perspective, this process leads to the closure of sensitive periods
Specialization/differentiation
Network including the nucleus accumbens, found to be more active in adolescents than children and adults
Reward network
This viewpoint on human functional brain development holds that cognitive change is the result of ongoing interactions between brain development and experience-driven activation
Interactive specialization
Phenylketonuria causes intellectual impairment, at least in part through its effect on this neurotransmitter system
Dopamine
Neurons compete for these chemicals to ensure their survival
Neurotrophic factors
Prior experience making a brain region non-optimal for new learning
Entrenchment
Research from this perspective seeks to understand the many factors contributing to individual differences in adolescent brain development
Constructivist
At their extreme, perspectives emphasizing nature or nurture may be considered
Predeterminant/preformationist
A knockout mouse model of FXS has been used to show that the impacted gene is associated with learning but not ____
Fear conditioning
Postnatal brain imaging work with preterm infants indicates that these first develop during the prenatal period
Resting state networks
The presence of this may increase awareness of plasticity in adulthood
Instability in the developmental system
Function within this brain region indicates that females may develop a more mature “social brain” earlier in adolescence
Amygdala