Chemical Senses 1
There are how many so-called primary tastes? What are they?
There are five so-called primary tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami.
The region of skin that causes a change in a receptor’s firing rate is called what?
Receptive Field
The representation of the body in the sensory cortex is called the _____A.____________.
The general term for receptors that produce pain signals is _______B.______
the 2 systems that convey pain signals to the brain are __C.__ and ____
A.) sensory homunculus
B.) nociceptors
C.) neospinothalamic tract and paleospinothalamic tract
What do we call a movement that CAN NOT be changed once it is initiated? What is a movement called when it CAN BE changed?
Can be: voluntary movement
Can not: fixed action pattern (FAP
True or False: The quality of a taste depends simply on the molecular structure of a tasted chemical
False
1.)The most common type of receptor cell in the skin is called what?
2.)What kind of sensation is this cell type
associated with?
1.) Free Nerve Ending
2.) light touch, pain, and temperature
1.) What is currently the primary theory of pain perception?
2.) According to this theory, how do psychological factors influence pain perception?
What is phantom limb pain?
3.) What causes it, according to Ramachandran’s theory?
1.) Gate Control Theory
2. Psychological factors can increase pain intensity and lead to pain-exacerbating behaviors
Phantom Limb pain: Phantom limb pain is the painful sensation that occurs in a limb that has been amputated
3.) According to Ramachandran’s theory, it's a mismatch between the brain's internal "body map" and the reality of the missing limb
1.) Which motor system controls voluntary movement?
2.)Which motor system controls posture, muscle tone, reflexes, and stereotyped movement?
1.) pyramidal motor system
2.) extrapyramidal motor system
Although there are exceptions, carbon+water (carbohydrate) compounds usually taste ___A._______,
acidic foods generally taste ____B.______, while basic compounds taste _______C.________, and alkaloid
compounds taste _____D.________.
A.) Sweet
B.) Sour
C.) Salty
D.) Bitter
1.) The term ‘mechanoreceptor’ refers to a cell that responds to what type of stimulation?
mechanical stimulation, such as touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, or motion
Movement:
What are the 3 types of muscle?
Skeletal Muscle: These are the muscles that help with voluntary movement attached to the skeleton
Smooth Muscle: These are muscles that are found inside internal organs (e.g., digestive system)
Cardiac Muscle: the involuntary, striated muscle tissue of the heart, also known as the myocardium, which contracts to pump blood throughout the body
1.) What is a reflex?
2.) What do we call a reflex involving only a single synapse? What about one involving 2 or more synapses? Which one is faster?
1.) an automatic, involuntary, and nearly instantaneous response to a stimulus that happens without conscious thought
2.) monosynaptic reflex and polysynaptic reflexes, and mono is faster
1.)Where are smell receptors located in the nose?
2.)Where is the primary olfactory cortex?
1.) In the olfactory epithelium, a patch of tissue high up in the nasal cavity
2.) The primary olfactory cortex is situated at the base of the brain, on the underside of the temporal and frontal lobes.
Pacinian corpuscles respond to what kind of stimulation?
high-frequency vibrations and transient pressure
What do we call the neurons that innervate muscles, and where are they located, and what is the neurotransmitter used to innervate muscles?
They are lower motor neurons or somatic motor neurons. They are located in the ventral horns of the spinal cord and the brainstem. The neurotransmitter used is acetylcholine.
What does the primary motor cortex do (M1)?
responsible for initiating voluntary muscle contractions with specific areas corresponding to different muscle groups. AKA motor homunculus
1.) What determines sensitivity to smell?
2.) What is the first cortical structure to receive information about odor?
1.) A person's sensitivity to smell is determined by a complex combination of genetic, environmental, and physiological factors.
2.) The piriform cortex is the first cortical structure to receive olfactory information. Unlike all other senses, which rely on a relay through the thalamus before reaching the cortex, the olfactory system sends signals directly from the olfactory bulb to the primary olfactory cortex.
1.) What are the 2 systems that conduct information from the skin to the brain?
2.) Which system conducts action potentials more quickly?
1.) the somatic nervous system and the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway
2.) myelinated nerve fibers
1.)What do we call the terminal buttons of axons that synapse onto muscles?
2.)What do we call the synapses between muscles and terminal buttons?
1.)synaptic end bulbs or terminal boutons
2.)neuromuscular junctions
What does the secondary motor cortex (premotor cortex and supplementary motor area/SMA) do?
The premotor cortex is specifically for planning and preparing movements based on external cues.
The supplementary motor area/SMA is also for planning and sequencing of complex movement, coordination, and internally generating actions.