Behavioral Neuroendocrinology
This is the field that explores the impact of hormones on the nervous system, mental processes, and behaviors (p. 1).
What is behavioral neuroendocrinology?
Ancient philosophers, including Aristotle and Hippocrates, primarily came from these four regions (p. 2).
What are Ancient Egypt, Eastern India, China, and Greece?
Rene Descartes perceived the mind as this kind of substance (p. 3).
What is non-material?
This researcher removed parts of animal brains to observe specific functional changes and discovered the brainstem is responsible for breathing (p. 6).
Who is Pierre Flourens?
This procedure involves intentionally drilling holes in the skull (p. 9).
What is trephination?
A person who experiences dysphoria due to a mismatch between their gender identity and body (p. 1).
What is a person with gender dysphoria?
According to Hippocrates, this organ is responsible for creating pain, sorrow, grief, and a sense of beauty (p. 2).
What is the brain?
Descartes believed the non-material mind and the material brain interacted in this specific gland (p. 3).
What is the pineal gland?
This specific brain region is responsible for speech production, as discovered by Paul Broca (p. 6)
What is the left frontal lobe?
This researcher discovered that stimulating a frog's leg with an electrical current causes it to contract (p. 4).
Who is Luigi Galvani?
Hormones called estrogens influence these physical changes in individuals assigned male at birth (p. 1).
What are mild breast growth, skin softening, and a reduction of muscle mass?
Hippocrates was likely a pioneer in this understanding of the mind and body (p. 2).
What is the understanding that biological factors play an important role in mental processes and behaviors?
This position, advocated by Descartes, suggests the mind is separate from matter (p. 3).
What is dualism?
Carl Wernicke's autopsy research revealed that language comprehension largely depends on this lobe (p. 6).
What is the temporal lobe?
This individual in the 1850s measured electrical signals in animals and hypothesized the signal was made of electrically charged particles moving on the surface of neurons (p. 4).
Who is Emil Du Bois-Reymond?
This type of medication is administered in addition to estrogen to reduce sexual desire and decrease the frequency of erections and ejaculations (p. 1).
What are anti-testosterone medications?
This individual performed dissections of dead humans and animals and realized that fibers originate in the brain and spinal cord (pp. 2-3).
Who is Herophilus?
This German anatomist and physician in the 1800s first proposed the idea of localization of function in different brain regions (p. 5).
Who are Franz Gall and Johann Spurzheim?
These two researchers electrically stimulated the cortex of rabbits and dogs and discovered that frontal motor areas influence muscular contractions (p. 7).
Who are Gustav Fritsch and Edward Hitzig?
Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley performed recordings with microelectrodes on this type of animal axon to measure electrical charge across the membrane (pp. 4-5).
What is a squid axon?
This specific physical feature is not influenced by estrogen to resemble a higher pitch voice of a female (p. 1).
What are voice changes?
This Roman physician linked brain damage to observable behavioral problems through his work with gladiators (p. 3).
Who is Galen?
This individual emphasized the experimental method using animals to understand how the body works by isolating or removing certain organs (p. 5).
Who is Johannes Muller?
This individual created a map of cortical areas involved in movement, hearing, smell, and vision by applying electrical stimulation to monkeys (p. 7).
Who is David Ferrier?
From the 1930s to the 1950s, this researcher mapped brain areas and their functions by electrically stimulating the brains of conscious patients during surgery (p. 8).
Who is Wilder Penfield?