Levels of Awareness
The first level of awareness consists of controlled processes.
Higher-level consciousness
What is sleep?
Sleep is the natural state of rest for the body and mind that involves the reversible loss of consciousness.
What are the two types of conditioning?
Classical and operant conditioning
What is reinforcement? What are the two kinds of reinforcement?
Reinforcement = Increases the probability of behavior
Positive = behavior followed by the addition of a desirable stimulus.
Negative = behavior followed by the removal of an undesirable stimulus.
What factors can influence learning?
Biological, cultural, and Psychological
What is the process that makes up lower-level consciousness?
automatic processing (a state of consciousness that requires little attention and does not interfere with other ongoing activities)
What is a circadian rhythm? Share an example of one.
1) A circadian rhythm is a daily behavioral or physiological cycle.
2) It includes the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, blood pressure,
and blood sugar levels.
The type of conditioning that focuses on association
between stimuli
classical conditioning
What is punishment? What are the two types of punishment?
Punishment = decreases behavior
Positive Punishment = Behavior followed by the addition of an aversive stimulus.
Negative Punishment = Behavior followed by the removal of a desirable stimulus
What is latent/implicit learning?
Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior.
What are the two divisions of Subconscious Awareness?
What are the three neurotransmitters involved in sleep?
Serotonin, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine
In Pavlov's classic dog experiment, this is the name for the bell before it was paired with food.
neutral stimulus
When a teenager misses curfew and their parents take away their phone for a week, they're using this type of punishment.
Positive Punishment
A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem’s solution.
Insight Learning
What are the different perceptions of unconsciousness, and by whom are they perceived differently?
1) Sigmund Freud = a person's unacceptable wishes, feelings, and thoughts that are beyond conscious awareness
2) Current psychologists = knocked out by a hit, anesthetized, and a person who fell into a deep, prolonged unconscious state
Sophie fell asleep at 9 pm. However, during the night, she keeps waking up due to shortness of breath. At around 2 am, Sophie wakes up suddenly feeling terrified and she is remembering what made her feel that way. What is Sophie experiencing?
Sleep Apnea and a Nightmare
This learned salivation response is what the dog has to the sound of a bell
conditioned stimulus
There are some types of reinforcements that are biological in need, as in needed for survival. Others gain their positive value through experiences. What are the names of these two types of reinforcers?
Primary and Secondary Reinforcers
What are expectations, and how do they influence human behavior?
Expectancies are acquired from people's experiences with their environment. We do or avoid certain things because we associate an expectation with it.
Kyle has been pulling back-to-back all-nighters due to midterm season. Since he is not sleeping, and he is constantly fatigued, he keeps drinking coffee and energy drinks to keep himself awake during classes. What state of awareness has Kyle put himself into?
Altered State of Consciousness/Awareness
List the stages of sleeps and their waves.
Wake =Alpha and Beta Waves.
N1 = Theta waves.
N2 = Theta waves + sleep spindles
N3 = delta waves
REM = Rapid Eye Movement, fast waves that resemble wakefulness
If your dad tells you to go take out the trash, and you do it. Since you took out the trash he gives you a dollar. What type of conditioning is this?
operant conditioning
What are the four schedules of reinforcement?
Ratio Schedule, Interval Schedule, Fixed-Ratio Schedule, Fixed-Interval Schedule
There is a 10 year old boy part of the Bajau people also known as Sea Nomads. He has been learning how to deep dive into water in order to fish practically since he was a baby. On the other hand, a 10 year old boy in Argentina has been playing soccer since he was 2 years old and relies on his parents for food. Which learning factor is this?
Cultural