PSYC1000 EXAM 1

Chapter 1 (History)

100

What is the definition of Psychology?

The scientific study of behavior and mental
processes.

200

Who is considered the father of Psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt

300

What two movements dominated early psychology?

Functionalism and Structuralism

400

Briefly explain Functionalism and Structuralism, share one of the criticisms as well.

Functionalism - Focuses on how an object or phenomenon is used.

Criticism:

Introspection is too subjective
 Not much application to the real world

Structuralism - Breaking conscious experience into its basic sensations.

Criticism:

 Overapplication, not a depth understanding.
 Deemed too basic.

500

Name all SEVEN perspectives of Psychology, and a brief explanation. 

Psychodynamic
 Looks at Internal conflicts, primarily unconscious, behaviors and mental processes we exhibit.

Behavioral
 Looks to the role of learning (the influence of the external environment)

Humanistic
 Looks to the value of individual’s potential for growth and stresses that the choices people make are determined by their unique perspectives. (Free will)

Biological
 Approach assumes that behavior and mental
processes are based on biological processes.

Evolutionary
 This approach investigates how evolutionary
processes affect and shape our behavior.

Cognitive
 Looks at the mechanisms by which people process
information and how that mental process influences
behavior. (How we think, hear, remember, etc).

Sociocultural
 Looks at the importance of social and cultural
influences have on our behavior and thoughts

Chapter 2 (Science)

100

How is science explained by Goodwin? 

A way of knowing characterized by the
attempt to apply objective, empirical methods
when searching for the causes of natural
events

200

What would the following coefficients represent?

a) .80

b) .06

c) -.40

a) Strong correlation

b) Weak correlation

c) Weak correlation (Inverse relationship because of -).

300

Differentiate between Independent Variable and Dependent Variable. 

Independent Variable
 A variable that is manipulated by an
experimenter 

EX: Fertilizer 

Dependent Variable
 A variable that is measured to show the
influence of the independent variable

EX: Plant growth

400

What is a Case Study, what is an advantage and what is a disadvantage?

Case Studies: Detailed examination of an existing
situation dealing with a unique individual,
group, or event

Advantages

 Only way to learn about unique, rare events
 In depth study, so lots of information (details)
 Good starting point for generating ideas and
theories

Disadvantages

Post hoc nature of case studies
--- Relies on memories for what happened
 Highly influenced by researcher bias             One unique circumstance, don’t know what
other influences may have been presen        Cannot draw causal conclusions

500

What are all of scientific study categories? Give a type for each

Empirical Research:

-Descriptive Research, Correlational Research, Experimental Research

Descriptive Research:

Naturalistic Observation, Non-participant observer, participant observer, Case Study, Survey method

Chapter 3 (Biopsych)

100

What type of medical equipment is used in relation to measuring/graphing the brain?

CT Scan, PET Scan, MRI, EEG.

200

What are the four lobes of the brain?

Parietal, Frontal, Occipital, Temporal

300

Differentiate between Broca's Area and Wernicke's Area.

Wernicke's Area

- temporal lobe of left hemisphere (near visual and auditory cortex)                                                     - Area associated with speech comprehension

Broca's Area

- frontal lobe of left hemisphere

- Area associated with speech production

400

Fill in the missing blanks to this lateralization Image.

500

Label the parts of this neuron.

Explain the function of the Soma, Nucleus, Axon Hillock, Myelin Sheath, and Dendrites.

 Dendrites—Receive information from other neurons

 Cell body (Soma)—Receives information from dendrites

 Nucleus—Contains genetic material (DNA)

 Axon Hillock—measures stimulation of neuron; if

sufficiently excited, neuron fires.                           Myelin Sheath - speed up the process of a neuron.

Chapter 4

100

How is consciousness defined?

 A state of knowing or being aware of internal
and external experiences

200

What are the ranges of consciousness in sensory awareness? (High to Low)

 High Awareness
 Focuses awareness (focused attention)
 Fully alert and completely engrossed in the task at hand
Middle Awareness
 Aware, but minimal attention required
 For example, daydreaming, divided attention tasks
Low Awareness
 Minimal to no awareness
 For example, sleeping
 Unconscious—lowest level of awareness due to head injuries, disease,
anesthesia, or coma

300

Sleep may be studied and recorded through different types of equipment, name the four (abbreviations) and what they do.

EEG (Electroencephalogram)

Recording of brain waves

EMG (Electromyograph)

 Measure muscular activity and tension

EOG (Electrooculograph)

 Measures eye movements

EKG (Electrocardiograph)

 Measures the contraction of the heart

400

What are the FIVE prominent sleeping disorders? briefly describe.

Narcolepsy
 Also called “sleep attacks”
 Sleepy all of the time and fall asleep without realizing it

Sleep Apnea
 Intermittent loud snoring frequently accompanies the disorder because the sleeper struggles to fill the lungs with air.

Sleep Terror Disorder (Night Terrors)
 EX: Child wakes up with a blood-curdling scream

Sleep Walking
 Walking or performing other activities while seemingly still asleep

Insomnia
 Cannot fall asleep or cannot stay asleep

500

What are the 5 stages of Sleep? Briefly describe.

Chapter 5

100

What are sensations?

Messages we receive from our senses due to stimulation of various receptors

200

What are the 5 external world senses, and 2 internal world senses?

External: Visual, auditory, taste (gustatory), smell (olfactory), and touch (tactile, temperature, pain, vibration).

Internal: Vestibular (position of the head in space, sense of balance) Kinesthesia (the sense that tells you where the parts of your body are).

300

Does this image represent, binocular or monocular? Explain why and define.

Monocular: Perception through a singular eye.

Closer objects block the view of farther objects.

400

Which of Gestalt's principles is this? why?

Similarity
 Items that are similar in style tend to be
grouped together

500

Which of Gestalt's principle's does this represent?

Good Continuation
 We tend to perceive smooth, flowing forms
rather than disrupted forms