Learning
In Pavlov's experiments, dogs learned to associate the bell with food and started salivating at the sound of the bell. The bell now represents the:
Conditioned stimulus
Growth mindset research showed that students who were praised for their ________ were more likely to choose challenging tasks
Effort
The process of getting information out of memory storage is known as
Retrieval
Whenever her father leaves the room, baby Sofia cries, but she’s quickly comforted when he returns. Which attachment style does this suggest?
Secure
This type of learning occurs by watching others and imitating their behavior.
Observational learning
The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response is called:
Extinction
Ari believes that people who wear glasses are likely to be math majors, ignoring the fact that most students, regardless of their appearance, are in business and social sciences. This misjudgment is based on what heuristic?
Representativeness heuristic
What are the three stages of memory storage?
Sensory, short term, long term
A child who understands that an object still exists even when it’s out of sight has developed ___.
Object permanence
In the preoperational stage, kids develop this ability to engage in pretend play and use imagination.
Symbolic thought
Parents who display aggressive behavior at home can inadvertently teach their kids aggression through this process.
Modeling or observational learning
The best or most typical example of a category (e.g., a goldfish is a typical example of a fish) is referred to as a:
Prototype
Jack is trying to remember the list of groceries he needs to buy but he can only remember the first and last thing. This tendency is known as:
Serial position effect (primacy and recency effect)
When children use existing mental frameworks to interpret new information, they are engaging in this process.
Assimilation
Damage to this brain structure is most likely to cause problems forming new long-term memories.
Hippocampus
A parent stops nagging their child after they clean their room. This is an example of what kind of operant conditioning consequence?
Negative reinforcement (removing the nagging to increase desirable behavior)
When an intelligence test systematically disadvantages people from certain cultural or linguistic backgrounds, psychologists call this ___.
Cultural bias
You meet someone named Mark for the first time. To remember the name, you immediately think, "Mark must like markers." What type of memory process are you utilizing?
Semantic encoding
A 15-year-old debates whether artificial intelligence could ever be “conscious.” Which stage of Piaget’s model does this demonstrate?
Formal operational stage
A 16-year-old is experimenting with clothing styles, friend groups, and values, trying to discover who he is. Which Erikson stage crisis is he in?
Identity vs role confusion
Slot machines, which reward players after an unpredictable number of plays, use this type of reinforcement schedule.
Variable ratio
The triarchic theory of intelligence proposes there are three types of intelligence: analytical, practical, and ________
Creative (imagination, innovation)
False confessions and false memories both demonstrate that memory is this kind of process — rather than a perfect recording.
Constructive (or reconstructive)
There are two main types of insecure attachment. What are they and how are they different?
Avoidant - more likely to avoid/ignore caretaker, suppress needs, and appear independent
Anxious - more likely to be clingy and fear rejection/abandonment
A person continues to use a strategy that worked in the past but fails to see a better solution to a new problem. This is an example of ___.
Functional fixedness