Sensation
Perception
Learning
Conditioning
Memory
100
What is sensation?
Sensation is the result of a sensory receptor being stimulated. This is how the information gets in to your system.
100
What is perception and what are the two ways that it can be built? Explain.
Perception is the way that sensory information gets interpreted and how we consciously experience it.
Top-Down: perception that is driven by cognition; we apply what we know and expect (i.e., when you see a word in messy handwriting, you cannot read it until you're given context by the paragraph it is written in.)
Bottom-Up: perceptions are built from sensory input; we piece together the information before we perceive it (i.e., neuroscience for kids example in lecture)
100
What process allows us to learn our native languages and various other specific behaviors by observing and imitating others?
Modeling.
100
___________ ________: learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (as in operant conditioning.)
Associative learning: learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (as in operant conditioning.)
100
What is memory and what are the 3 parts of a memory system? What does each part mean?
Memory is the persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval of information.
1. Encoding - input of information
2. Storage - creation of a permanent record of information
3. Retrieval - act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness
200
What are the changes in the environment that we detect for each sense? What kind of information is each sense receiving?
- Visual system:
- Auditory system:
- Olfactory system:
- Somatosensory system:
- Gustatory System:
- Visual system: changing light wavelength
- Auditory system: changing pressure waves
- Somatosensory system: sensory receptors that respond to physical changes in pressure, movement, pain, heat, etc.
- Olfactory system: sensory receptors to molecules in environment
- Gustatory System: sensory receptors to molecules on substance in the mouth
200
What principle allows us to differentiate a focal object from its background?
Figure-Ground Segregation
200
What type of learning are mirror neurons associated with?
Observational learning; modeling.
Neurons in the frontal lobe that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so.
200
Compare and contrast operant conditioning and classical conditioning.
They are both types of associative learning.
Classical conditioning mimics a natural response; it deals with stimulus and response (i.e., flinching with water to face paired with word.) Pavlov!
Operant conditioning deals with consequences; you can increase or decrease the likelihood of a behavior (positive and negative, reinforcement and punishment.) Skinner!
200
Draw and explain the Atkinson and Shiffrin Multi-Store Model of memory.
- Sensory memory is <1s.
- STM is ~30s but <1min. (Also known as working memory.)
- LTM is forever. (If they were encoded in, they're there barring brain damage. Just because you can't find the memory, doesn't mean it isn't there.)
300
What is the absolute threshold?
What is the difference threshold/just noticeable difference?
The Absolute Threshold is the minimum amount of a stimulus required for a person to detect the stimulus 50 percent of the time.
The Difference Threshold is the smallest difference in stimulation that can be detected 50 percent of the time (sometimes called the Just Noticeable Difference or JND.) It depends on the strength of the stimulus. (i.e., when comparing two weak stimuli, such as two very slightly sweet liquids, you can detect a small difference in the amount of sweetness but when comparing two intense stimuli, such as two extremely sweet liquids, you can detect only a much bigger difference in the amount of sweetness.)
300
What do cones allow us to perceive, how many types are there, and what are they? What do rods allow us to perceive? Where are they located?
Cones allow us to perceive color; we have three types (red, green, blue.) Rods allow us to perceive light versus dark. Rods and cones are located in the retina in the eye.
300
What is the difference between prosocial and antisocial behavior? Give examples of each.
Prosocial behavior: positive, constructive, helpful behavior (i.e., a kid seeing their parent reading and later picking up a book and trying to read)
Antisocial behavior: negative, harmful, aggressive behavior (i.e., Claire hit her son with a belt and her daughter saw and later saw her daughter hitting her teddy bear with a belt)
300
Match the example to the schedule:
- Piecework—factory worker getting paid for every x number of items manufactured
- Gambling
- Checking Facebook
- Hospital patient uses patient-controlled, doctor-timed pain relief
300
The step of rehearsal, the conscious repetition of information to be remembered, to move STM into long-term memory is called ______ _____________.
The step of rehearsal, the conscious repetition of information to be remembered, to move STM into long-term memory is called memory consolidation.
400
What is transduction and how does it work?
It is the conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential.
Receive the information --> transform information into neural impulse --> deliver information to the brain (in primary sensory area.)
400
What are the Gestalt Grouping principles? Give at least 3 examples.
When perceiving something, we tend to integrate pieces of information in to meaningful wholes. (The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.)
400
What are the effects of prosocial modeling and antisocial modeling?
Prosocial modeling can prompt others to engage in helpful and healthy behaviors, while antisocial modeling can prompt others to engage in violent, aggressive, and unhealthy behaviors.
400
Give examples of positive punishment, positive reinforcement, negative punishment, and negative reinforcement.
Let's evaluate using this:
400
What part of the brain is involved with implicit memory? What part of the brain is involved with explicit memory?
The cerebellum helps form and store implicit memories.
The hippocampus processes explicit memories and then feeds them to other brain regions for storage.
500
500
What are binocular and monocular cues? What are they used for? Give examples of each.
They are cues that we use for depth perception. Binocular cues rely on using both eyes to experience the world in 3D while monocular cues on rely on the use of one eye to experience the world in 2D.
- BC: binocular disparity or how we view the world differently in one eye versus the other.
- MC: liner perspective or two parallel and converging lines in a painting give us depth and let us perceive depth (also relative size, relative clarity, interposition, relative height, relative motion, light and shadow.)
500
Explain the Bobo Doll Experiment. Who did it? What did it find?
Albert Bandura did the Bobo Doll Experiment in 1961.
The children were presented with a short film in which an adult model directed aggression towards an inflatable Bobo doll. After viewing the film, children were left alone in a room with the Bobo doll and props used by the adult aggressor and their behavior was observed.
This experiment demonstrated that children can learn merely by observing the behavior of a social model, and that observing reinforcement of the model’s behavior could affect whether or not a behavior was emulated.
500
Ryan was really looking forward to lunch because he had prepared a tuna salad sandwich. Unfortunately, the mayonnaise he used had been left out too long by his roommate and had spoiled. Not long after eating the sandwich, Ryan felt sick and had to rush to the bathroom. Ever since that day, the mention of a tuna sandwich makes Ryan nauseous.
What is the...:
- unconditioned stimulus
- unconditioned response
- neutral stimulus/conditioned stimulus
- conditioned response
unconditioned stimulus: spoiled mayonnaise
unconditioned response: feel nauseous/getting sick
neutral stimulus/conditioned stimulus: mention of tuna
conditioned response: feel nauseous/getting sick
500
What are the two types of processing involved with encoding? What are the three types of encoding? Explain.
Automatic processing: unconscious encoding of incidental information like space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information like word meanings; produces implicit/non-declarative memories.
Effortful processing: encoding that is conscious and requires effort and attention; produces explicit /declarative memories.
Visual encoding is the process of encoding images and visual sensory information. The creation of mental pictures is one way people use visual encoding.
Acoustic encoding is the use of auditory stimuli or hearing to implant memories. This is aided by what is known as the phonological loop; a process by which sounds are sub-vocally rehearsed (or “said in your mind over and over”) in order to be remembered.
Semantic encoding involves the use of sensory input that has a specific meaning or can be applied to a context. Chunking and mnemonics aid in semantic encoding; you might remember a particular phone number based on a person’s name or a particular food by its color.