SCDs
In order to test for accuracy of a measurement, you must compare your value with the __________
What is... True Value
What is the one and only threat to accuracy and reliability?
What is...Human Error (poorly designed measurement, inadequate observer training, observer expectations and reactivity)
It is recommended that we teach to the test. True or False
What is... False
Invented by Skinner, the _____________ counts rates of Bx cumulatively over time, there will never be a decrease, and the steeper the slope, the higher the rate of bx.
What is... A Cumulative Record
What are some threats to the internal validity of SCDs?
What are:
History
Maturation
Selection
Testing
Instrumentation
What IOA method is this? Smaller Count/ Larger Count X100 (Note, the percentage may be good BUT agreement per interval might be poor).
What is... Total Count
IOA confirms that ________ in the data is due to change in ________ and not observer drift.
What is...Change, Behaviour
The testing environment, the test itself, the physical and emotional state of the test-taker, and the skill of the administrator are all examples of:
What are... Factors that affect test scores
Personnel in your client’s life can be _________, which signal the availability of reinforcement for certain behaviours under certain conditions or _________, which signal that reinforcement is not available for certain behaviours under certain conditions.
What is... Sds, S-deltas
This threat to internal validity concerns events that are occurring concurrently with the IV could have caused the observed effect rather than the IV.
What is... History
This IOA Method is strict and calculates intervals with exact agreement/total number of intervals X100
What is...Exact Count
________ refers to the differential validity of test scores for different groups.
What is... Test Bias
What do we look for when we are trying to determine the efficacy of treatment?
Level
Trend
Immediately of the Effect
Stability
Overlap
What is... False
How do SCDs account for the internal validity threat or maturation?
What is...
Firstly, what is maturation? Naturally occurring changes over time that could be confused with intervention effect.
•require that treatment effects be demonstrated at a MIN of three different points in time/ adding a control condition (A phase)
What can be done to account for ethical considerations associated with FAs?
What is...
FA of precursor behaviours
Single trials, as opposed to 5/10-min sessions
PEM, PND, and PAND are all methods in visual analysis that can be used to better determine the _________.
What is... Effectiveness of Treatment
Describe a Single Case Design
What is...
-Participant(s) partake in all conditions
-Participant(s) act as their own control
-Multiple baseline, ABAB, Alternative Treatments, Changing Criterion, Component Analysis
-Looking for three demonstrations of experimental effect across three different points in time. Why?
The more closely in time the change in behaviour occurs after the conditions/phases change, the greater the suggestion that the intervention caused the change. This outlines...
What is... Latency of Change
I would use this treatment design when Treatment consists of more than one well-defined, distinct elements/components and when I want to evaluate the extent to which each component contributes to the overall treatment effect.
What is... Component Analysis
This strategy is essential for direct access challenging behaviours because in order for the problem behaviour to be stopped, it must be weakened in its ability to contact reinforcement.
What is... Chain Interruption
It may be possible to teach the individual to request permission to engage in the desired direct access activity. This is the ______ strategy.
What is... Access Mand
This strategy teaches the client to either forgo engaging in the target behaviour/ tolerate the aversive stimulus for a predetermined period of time. Reinforcement is then provided following the interval if they did not engage in the behaviour.
What is... DRO
In this SCD, I would collect baseline for all three settings, participants, or behaviours and stagger the introduction of treatment. I would hope that the DV does not change until the IV is introduced.
What is... Multiple Baseline
This treatment design allows me to test two or more treatments for the same individual relatively quickly. It does not necessarily show that a change in the DV was due to the IV so a variation of this design can include a reversal phase, after which, the treatment reintroduced would be the one that showed to be more effective.
What is... Alternative Treatments Design