Chap 1 intro to CT
A set of general principles that attempts to explain and predict behavior or other phenomena.
What is a Theory?
It follows correct logical form, is valid. Both premises are true and lead to a true conclusion.
What is a sound argument?
Explanation of an event that seems reasonable, given what we already know about science and human behavior.
A characteristic or event of interest that can take on different values.
What is a variable?
The study of the conformation of the skull as indicative of mental facilities and traits of character
What is phrenology?
How we focus and divide our cognitive resources among different tasks and inputs.
What is attention?
Small gland near the center of the brain that helps regulate circadian rhythm by releasing melatonin.
What is the pineal gland?
Persistent, mistaken idea or belief that is contradicted by established scientific evidence.
What is Misconception?
Specific prediction made from a general theory.
What is a Hypothesis?
Offering a consensus of opinion or a popular view as evidence for accepting a claim.
What is common sense belief?
Values of two variables are simply related or change together in a consistent way.
What are associations or correlations?
Claims presented so that they appear scientific even though they lack support or plausibility.
What is pseudoscience?
The organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the presented information or environment.
What is perception?
A person’s current, subjective state of awareness.
A reason or evidence in support of a claim or conclusion.
What is an Argument?
Assuming all individuals of a certain group share the same characteristic.
What is a stereotype?
Provide a quantitative estimate of the size of an effect across studies.
What is a meta-analysis?
Look for evidence that supports what you believe and ignore evidence that tells you otherwise.
What is confirmation bias?
The ability to find patterns in ambiguous and random displays, when they don’t exist.
What is visual pareidolia?
A knowledge structure that organizes prior knowledge and can help us acquire new information, but which can have selective effects on learning and memory.
What is a schemata?
The brain's chemical messengers.
What are neurotransmitters?
A statement asserting that someone or something has a particular characteristic or property.
What is a Claim?
A thinking error associated with deductive reasoning that leads to an invalid argument.
What is a Fallacy?
Assumes that we experience the world as it is and that our experience directly informs us about what is real.
What is naive realism?
You must be able to collect evidence that will dis-confirm the hypothesis.
What is falsifiable?
A person recovers spontaneously over time without the treatment.
What is spontaneous remission?
You think about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory.
What is Elaborative rehearsal?
The refusal to reject or revise one's faulty belief when confronted with evidence that clearly refutes that belief.
What is belief perseverance?
Rapidly respond to questions without deliberation, using knowledge of patterns and experiences.
What is Intuitive - experiential (TYPE 1 thinking)?
Making a claim puts the burden of proof on the claimant, when enough evidences supports the claim the burden of proof shifts to those who believe the claim is false.
What is shifting the burden of proof?
People rapidly generalize from the evidence, perhaps not considering all of it or only superficially analyzing and evaluating it before drawing a conclusion.
What is a hasty generalization?
Not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts.
What is Objective?
The effectiveness of treatments demonstrated by clinical research studies.
What is efficacy?
Your feelings and view of the world can distort your memory of past events.
What is bias?
Psychological discomfort arising from holding two or more inconsistent attitudes, behaviors or cognitions.
What is cognitive dissonance?