Consciousness: Sleep
How is consciousness defined?
Anything we are aware of at any given time.
What is the difference between addiction and physiological dependence?
Addiction: a person must fulfill the demands of their drug dependency
Physiological dependence: tolerance-decrease in effectiveness of drug that is taken repeatedly and withdrawal-symptoms opposite of those produced by the drug when it is taken away
What is classical conditioning and how does it work?
Causing a neutral stimulus to produce a conditioned response through learning - unconditioned stimulus automatically produces an unconditioned response. During conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is paired with the neutral stimulus to produce the unconditioned response. Over time, people associate the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned response and it becomes the conditioned response.
When info you learned previously interferes with new information
What is the levels of processing theory?
Deeper analysis of information leads to longer lasting memory recall. Shallow vs Deep processing
Where in the brain is the sleep/wake cycle regulated?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus in the Hypothalamus
Plays a role in the reward circuit and the release of dopamine and serotonin. Drugs with a high risk for dependency stimulate the nucleus accumbens
What four processes determine whether observational learning is occurring?
Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Reinforcement
What is retroactive interference?
When information you learned after interferes with previously learned information
What is a biological rhythm?
Cycle of physiological changes-circadian rhythm
Freud believed we dreamt of things that satisfied our unconscious sexual and aggressive desires. Desires are unacceptable so they are disguised in symbolic form.
What is the difference between agonists and antagonists and what are their effects on the brain?
Agonist: will enhance the effects of certain neurotransmitters - acts as a building block for more NT to be made, blocks reuptake of NT from synapse, stimulates release of NT, stimulates receptors, inactivates metabolizing enzymes
Antagonist: will oppose the effects of a neurotransmitter - blocks receptors, prevents release of NT, prevents storage of NT, inactivates synthesizing enzymes
What are the schedules of reinforcement and what do they mean?
Fixed-Ratio: reinforcer given after a SET # of BEHAVIORS
Variable-Ratio: given after a VARIED # of BEHAVIORS
Fixed-Interval: reinforcer given after a SET period of TIME
Variable-Interval: given after a VARIED period of TIME
How does the modal model of memory work?
Sensory information is input into the sensory memory where you choose what to pay attention to move it to short term memory. Info is maintained in short term memory through rehearsal and eventually encoded into long term memory where it can be retrieved again.
What is the difference between elaborative and maintenance rehearsal?
Maintenance Rehearsal: rehearsal to keep information in short term memory
Elaborative rehearsal: rehearsal to encode info into long-term memory so you can retrieve it later
What are the sleep "disorders" and some characteristics of each?
Parasomnias:
Somnambulism/sleepwalking: can last from 30 sec to 30 min, occurs in stage 4 sleep
Somniloquy/sleep talking: can occur in any stage of sleep, may be because a part of the brain that isn't normally on during sleep turns on
Sleep Terrors: person appears to be panicking and doesn't remember the next day, usually occurs in stage 4 sleep, fight/flight response triggered
Nightmares: occurs during REM sleep, people tend to remember them the next day
Dysomnias:
Narcolepsy: uncontrollable attacks of REM sleep, can last 10-20 minutes, genetic, can be treated with medication
Sleep Apnea: person stops breathing during sleep, can cause damage to upper respiratory pathways and brain if left untreated
Insomnia: chronic sleep difficulty, more common in women than men, most common in people with psychiatric disorders, medication can help
Antagonist
What are the different effects of observational learning?
Modeling Effect: learning a new behavior from a model through the acquisition of new responses
Facilitation Effect: exhibiting a behavior shown by that of a model in an unfamiliar situation
Inhibitory Effect: suppressing a behavior because a model is punished for displaying the behavior
Disinhibitory Effect: displaying a previously suppressed behavior because a model does it without receiving punishment
What are the different types of long-term memory and what is stored in each?
Explicit Memory: EPISODIC memory-experiences/memories meaningful to you - and SEMANTIC memory-memories for facts/figures
Implicit Memory: procedural memory, classical conditioning, priming
What are the theories of why we dream?
Activation-Synthesis Theory: dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of the random firing of brain cells during REM sleep
Evolutionary Theory: REM dreams enable people to practice skills needed to deal with threatening events
What happens during the 4 stages of sleep?
Stage 1: have just fallen asleep, body is relaxed, brain waves are irregular with some alpha waves present, and slower than alert state, slow rolling eye movements stop
Stage 2: deeper sleep, sleep spindles appear (waves with periods of calm and flashes of intense activity), most of the night spent in stage 2
Stage 3: slow wave sleep begins-20% of brain waves are delta waves
Stage 4: deepest sleep, 50% of brain waves are delta waves, most restorative stage, occurs mostly towards beginning of night
REM: body is paralyzed and brain is highly active, epinephrine released into system-blood pressure rises, heart rate and respiration becomes faster and irregular, vivid dreams, occurs repeatedly throughout the night in equal-ish segments
A drug inactivates enzymes that break up neurotransmitters in the synapse. Agonist or antagonist?
Agonist
What are the different types of reinforcement and punishment and how do they lead to operant conditioning?
Reinforcement: increases probability that a behavior will continue to occur
Positive Reinforcement- a pleasant consequence (go out for ice cream)
Negative Reinforcement- removal of unpleasant consequence (don't have to do the dishes)
Punishment: decrease probability that behavior will continue to occur
Positive Punishment- added undesirable consequence (traffic ticket)
Negative Punishment- removal of pleasant consequence (can't go to the movies with friends)
What is the evidence for and against flashbulb memories?
for: When participants were shown emotional drawings, they exhibited increased activity in their amygdala. More activity in the amygdala correlated with better memory of the drawing.
against: Flashbulb memories are often inaccurate and accuracy decreases over time while confidence in memory increases. Effect of rehearsal
Describe extinction and spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning
Spontaneous Recovery: Reappearance of extinguished conditioned response when exposed to conditioned stimulus after a rest period