Psych 101 Midterm Review

History of Psychology/Psychology Figures

100

Who was Wilhelm Wundt, and what did he do for the science of psychology?

Founder of psychology--formal beginning of psychology as an experimental science.

200

What is functionalism?

The school of thought that stressed the importance of how behavior functions to allow organisms to adapt to their environments.

300

Who founded the APA?

G. Stanley Hall

400

Name and briefly describe the third force of psychology, including a major psychologist.

Humanistic psychology--Carl Rogers. Humanistic psychology emphasized the conscious experiences of clients and emphasized the client's potential for growth.

500

Briefly describe structuralism and name its founder.

Structuralism believes that conscience experiences can be broken down into elemental structures of sensations and feelings; Titchener

Learning

100

What are the 3 types of learning?

Operant Conditioning, Classical Conditioning, and Observational Learning

200

What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning in terms of the behaviors learned?

Classical: reflexive behavior

Operant: non-reflexive behavior

300

What is the Law of Effect?

Responses that are followed by something pleasant are strengthened, and responses that are followed by something unpleasant are weakened.

400

In negative reinforcement, the operant is followed by the removal of_____________

An aversive stimulus

500

Positive punishment adds what kind of stimulus, and behavior is more or less likely to repeat itself in the future?

Aversive stimulus; less likely

Memory

100

What memory only lasts about 20 seconds?

Short-term memory

200

Name the 3 processes of memory?

Encoding, storage, and retrieval.

300

Name two brain structures involved in memory?

Hippocampus, amygdala, and/or olfactory bulb.

400

What is the difference between short-term and working memory?

Uh oh, somewhat of a trick question. There is controversy around this- just remember that working memory involves holding information and manipulating it in some way.

500

A common cause of failing to remember things for the future is described as _______________

Retrieval cue failure

Nervous System

100

Motor neurons send information from _____ to _______, and are efferent or afferent?

Central Nervous System

muscles and glands

Efferent

200

Name the major parts of a neuron and their functions

Soma: "body;" contains the organelles of the neuron

Dendrite: "tree;" receives information from other neurons

Axon: transmits information to other neurons

300

Which brain structure directs the pituitary gland, which is also part of the endocrine system?

Hypothalamus

400

Name the four lobes of the forebrain and their major functions.

1) Frontal lobe- complex cognitive tasks (e.g. executive functioning) 

2) Temporal lobe- processes auditory information

3) Parietal lobe- processes somatosensory information

4) Occipital lobe- processes visual information

500

What is lateralization of function, and give two examples.

Definition: hemispheres specialize in function

Example 1: right hemisphere for visuospatial, emotion, non-verbal

Example 2: left hemisphere for language, logic, and verbal-related memory

Consciousness

100

What part of the brain controls circadian rhythm?

Hypothalamus

200

What brain waves are associated with being awake?

Beta (alert) and alpha (drowsy)

300

How many stages of NREM sleep are there? 

3

400

Name the four categories of psychoactive drugs and the palpable effects of each one.

Depressants: inhibit brain activity

Opioids: mimic natural pain killers

Stimulants: excite brain activity

Psychedelic: distort sensory perception

500

Name the brain waves at each stage of NREM sleep?

Stage 1: alpha and theta

Stage 2: theta and delta

Stage 3: delta